Vocabulary
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a
CONJ
and / but (contrast)
Use the conjunction 'a' to connect contrasting ideas or to add information that contrasts with what precedes it. It is often used in the context of two clauses…
aby
CONJ
in order to / so that (formal)
The conjunction 'aby' is used to express purpose and is often translated as 'in order to' or 'so that'. It is followed by a verb in the infinitive form and is …
abyś
CONJ
that you (subjunctive)
The conjunction 'abyś' is used to introduce a subordinate clause that expresses purpose or intention. It requires the subjunctive mood and is typically followe…
akceptować / zaakceptować
VERB
to accept
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing or habitual action of accepting. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a completed action of having accepted…
aktor
NOUN
actor
The word 'aktor' is used to refer to male performers in theater, film, or television. It is commonly used in the context of discussions about acting roles and …
aktorka
NOUN
actress
Use 'aktorka' to refer to a female performer in theater, film, or television. In Polish, professions have gendered forms — 'aktor' is masculine and 'aktorka' i…
albo
CONJ
or (exclusive choice)
The conjunction 'albo' is used to present an exclusive choice between alternatives, similar to 'or' in English. It's important to note that it suggests one opt…
ale
CONJ
but / however
Coordinating conjunction expressing strong contrast between two ideas. More emphatic than 'a'. Always introduces the unexpected or opposing element.
ani
CONJ
nor / neither
The conjunction 'ani' is used to connect two negative elements in a sentence, often translating as 'nor' or 'neither' in English. It is typically used in the n…
architekt
NOUN
architect
The word 'architekt' refers to a male architect in Polish. The feminine form is 'architektka', used for female architects. Both terms are commonly used in the …
architektka
NOUN
female architect
The word 'architektka' is used to refer specifically to a female architect. It is appropriate to use this term when discussing women in the architectural profe…
asystent
NOUN
assistant
The word 'asystent' is used to refer to someone who assists or helps, often in a professional or academic environment. It can be used in various contexts to de…
asystentka
NOUN
female assistant
The word 'asystentka' refers specifically to a female assistant in a professional context. It is the feminine counterpart to 'asystent', which is used for male…
atakować / zaatakować
VERB
to attack
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing or repeated actions of attacking. The perfective aspect is for actions that have been fully completed.
atrakcyjny
ADJ
attractive
'Atrakcyjny' is used to describe something or someone that has qualities that are appealing or pleasing. It is commonly used in both physical and abstract cont…
aż do
PREP
until / all the way to / as far as
The Polish preposition 'aż do' is used to indicate a point in time or space, meaning 'until,' 'all the way to,' or 'as far as.' It is typically used with the G…
Badać / zbadać
VERB
to examine
This verb is used when referring to the act of examining or investigating something. It can refer to scientific research or medical examinations.
bardziej
ADV
more (comparative)
The adverb 'bardziej' is used to indicate a comparative degree, meaning 'more' in English. It is typically placed before the adjective or adverb it modifies. R…
bardzo
ADV
very / very much
Intensifying adverb. Modifies adjectives (bardzo dobry = very good), adverbs (bardzo szybko = very quickly), and verbs (bardzo lubię = I like very much). One o…
bawić się / bawić się
VERB
to play
Use the imperfective to describe ongoing play, and the perfective to indicate the play has been completed.
bez
PREP
without
Always takes Genitive. Expresses the absence of something or someone (bez cukru = without sugar, bez problemu = no problem).
biec / pobiec
VERB
to run (instantaneous)
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing or repeated actions, while the perfective aspect indicates a specific instance of running. For instance, 'biec' focuses…
biegać / biegać
VERB
to run
Use the imperfective aspect for habitual actions, while the perfective aspect doesn't differentiate in this case. For example, 'biegać' can refer to both gener…
bić / uderzyć
VERB
to hit
Use the imperfective aspect to describe the ongoing action of hitting or striking. Use the perfective aspect for a single completed action of hitting.
biżuteria
NOUN
jewelry
Biżuteria refers to decorative items worn on the body, such as rings, necklaces, and bracelets. It is used in contexts related to fashion, adornment, and perso…
blisko
PREP
near / close to
Takes Genitive when followed by a noun (blisko szkoły = near the school). Can also be used as an adverb meaning 'nearby' without a following noun.
blisko
ADV
close
The adverb 'blisko' means 'close' and is used to express proximity in both physical and abstract senses. It typically does not govern any specific case, but is…
Bliźniaczka
NOUN
twin sister
The word 'Bliźniaczka' refers to a female twin, used to describe a sister who is one of a pair of twins. It commonly appears in both familial and social contex…
Bliźniak
NOUN
twin
The word 'bliźniak' refers to a twin, specifically one of a pair of siblings born at the same time. It is commonly used in contexts discussing family or relate…
bo
CONJ
because (informal)
Subordinating conjunction of cause. More informal than 'ponieważ'. Very common in spoken Polish. Introduces the reason for the main clause action.
borówka
NOUN
blueberry
Borówka refers to a small, sweet, blue fruit commonly used in cooking and baking. It can also refer to the plant that produces the berries.
Brat
NOUN
Brother
The word 'brat' is used to refer to a male sibling. It can also be used informally to address a male friend or mate.
brać / wziąć
VERB
to take
The verb 'wziąć' is used to describe the act of taking. It is perfective, often used when referring to a completed action.
bronić / obronić
VERB
to defend
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing defense actions. Use the perfective aspect for completed or final defense.
budować / zbudować
VERB
to build
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing construction processes. Use the perfective aspect when the building is completed.
budzić / obudzić
VERB
to wake (someone) up
Use the imperfective aspect when describing an ongoing action of waking someone. Use the perfective aspect when referring to the completion of the action.
być / być
VERB
to be
Use imperfective to describe ongoing states or existence. Perfective indicates a completed state or action of being.
były
ADJ
former; ex-
The Polish word "były" translates to "former" or "ex-" in English and is used to describe someone or something that previously held a particular role, position…
Błyszczyk
NOUN
lip gloss
Błyszczyk is used to refer to a cosmetic product applied to lips to give them a glossy appearance. It is commonly used in conjunction with lipstick or as a sta…
całować / pocałować
VERB
to kiss
Use the imperfective form when describing the action of kissing as ongoing or habitual. Use the perfective for completed kisses.
cebula
NOUN
onion
The word 'cebula' is a noun meaning 'onion' and is used in various contexts when discussing food, cooking, or adding flavors. It is important to remember that …
chcieć / chcieć
VERB
to want
As a biaspectual verb, it can be used to express ongoing desires or completed wishes. Use it to convey either aspect based on context.
chociaż
CONJ
although / even though
Subordinating concessive conjunction. Introduces a clause with an unexpected result despite the circumstances. Synonymous with 'choć' (shorter form). 'Chociaż …
chodzić / chodzić
VERB
to walk (regularly)
Use for habitual actions or when indicating a repeated process. Both aspects are identical in this case.
Chory
ADJ
Sick
The word 'chory' is used to describe someone who is ill or unwell. It can be used in various situations, from casual conversation to formal contexts.
Chować / schować
VERB
to hide
The verb 'chować' is used to describe the act of hiding something or keeping something out of sight. It can be used in various contexts, such as hiding objects…
chronić / ochronić
VERB
To protect
The verb 'chronić' is used to describe the action of safeguarding or keeping something safe. It is commonly used in contexts such as protecting individuals, ri…
Chrzest
NOUN
Baptism
The word 'chrzest' refers to the Christian sacrament of baptism. It is used to describe the ceremonial act of baptism where an individual is initiated into the…
Chrześniaczka
NOUN
goddaughter
The Polish word 'Chrześniaczka' refers to the female equivalent of a godchild. It is commonly used in religious contexts, particularly in relation to Christian…
Chrześniak
NOUN
godson
The word 'Chrześniak' refers to a male child whose baptism has been attended by a godparent. It is typically used in religious contexts and family celebrations.
chusteczki
NOUN
tissues
The word 'chusteczki' is used in everyday Polish to refer to small tissues or handkerchiefs. It is commonly used when discussing hygiene or cleanliness.
chyba
ADV
probably / I suppose / I think
The word 'chyba' is used to express uncertainty or probability and can be placed at the beginning or middle of a sentence. It does not govern any grammatical c…
chętnie
ADV
willingly / gladly / with pleasure
The adverb 'chętnie' is used to express a willingness or pleasure in performing an action. It is typically placed before the verb in a sentence and does not re…
cicho
ADV
quietly / silently
The adverb 'cicho' is used to describe actions performed in a quiet or silent manner. It does not require any case changes since it functions independently. Re…
ciekawy
ADJ
curious
This word is used to describe someone or something that is eager to learn or know about something. It can also imply interest in something.
Cienie
NOUN
Shadows
The word 'cienie' is the plural form of 'cień', which means shadow. It is used when referring to multiple shadows in various contexts, such as in literature, a…
Cienie
NOUN
Shadows
The word 'cienie' is the plural form of 'cień', which means shadow. It is used when referring to multiple shadows in various contexts, such as in literature, a…
cienki
ADJ
thin
The word 'cienki' is an adjective that describes something that is thin. It is used in various contexts, such as describing physical objects or metaphorical co…
cierpieć / ucierpieć
VERB
to suffer
The verb 'ucierpieć' is used to describe the act of suffering or experiencing pain, often in a physical or emotional context. It is commonly used in discussion…
cieszyć się / ucieszyć się
VERB
to be happy
Use the imperfective to describe a state of being that is ongoing. The perfective indicates a moment of happiness that has occurred.
ciągle
ADV
continuously
The adverb 'ciągle' is used to describe an action that occurs repeatedly or continuously over time. It is often used in sentences to emphasize the continuity o…
ciągnąć / pociągnąć
VERB
to pull
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing actions of pulling. The perfective aspect indicates that the pulling action is accomplished.
co
PRON
what
The word 'co' is used as an interrogative pronoun in Polish to ask questions about objects or information. It can also be used in various contexts when seeking…
codziennie
ADV
every day / daily
Adverb of frequency. Always used with imperfective verbs to express habitual daily actions. 'Codziennie rano piję kawę' = Every day in the morning I drink coff…
coś
PRON
something
The word 'coś' is used in Polish to refer to an unspecified thing, similar to the English word 'something'. It can be used in questions, statements, and any co…
czajnik
NOUN
kettle
The word 'czajnik' is used to refer to a kettle, typically used for boiling water or making tea. It can be found in both household and kitchen contexts.
czasami
ADV
sometimes
Adverb of frequency. Also 'czasem' (shorter form, equally correct). Indicates an action that happens on some but not all occasions. Neutral frequency between '…
czasem
ADV
sometimes (variant)
Short form of 'czasami'. Both forms are equally correct and interchangeable in all registers. Commonly used in everyday spoken Polish.
czasopismo
NOUN
magazine
Czasopismo refers to a periodical publication, commonly issued on a regular schedule, such as weekly, monthly or quarterly. It can cover various topics like ne…
czekać / poczekać
VERB
to wait
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing ongoing or habitual waiting. Use the perfective aspect for completed waiting.
czuć / poczuć
VERB
to feel
Imperfective is used for ongoing feelings or sensations. The perfective is reserved for instances of feeling that are complete.
czy
CONJ
whether / or (in questions)
The conjunction 'czy' is used to introduce questions, especially yes/no questions, and to express alternatives. It's important to note that 'czy' doesn't chang…
czyli
CONJ
that is / in other words / i.e.
Często używamy 'czyli', aby wyjaśnić coś lub podać inne słowo, które lepiej opisuje to, co wcześniej powiedzieliśmy. W zdaniach nie wymaga ono konkretnego przy…
czytać / przeczytać
VERB
to read
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to reading in progress or a habitual action. Use the perfective aspect when referring to the completion of reading s…
czyścić / wyczyścić
VERB
to clean
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing cleaning actions and the perfective for a thorough, completed cleaning. For example, 'czyścić' refers to the act of cle…
często
ADV
often / frequently
Adverb of frequency. Use with imperfective verbs for repeated actions. 'Jak często?' = How often? Opposite: 'rzadko' (rarely).
córka
NOUN
daughter
Córka is used to refer to a female offspring in family contexts. It can be used in both formal and informal situations.
daleko
ADV
far
The word 'daleko' is used to indicate a long distance or a location that is far from a reference point. It is commonly used in both spoken and written Polish.
daleko od
PREP
far from
"Daleko od" is used to express distance and is typically followed by the genitive case. Use it to indicate physical or metaphorical distance from a noun, such …
dawać / dać
VERB
to give
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
dentysta
NOUN
dentist
Refers to a male dentist. Common in healthcare contexts. Jestem dentystą.
dentystka
NOUN
female dentist
Feminine form of 'dentysta'. Refers to a female dentist. Jestem dentystką.
Dla
PREP
For
The word 'dla' is used as a preposition to indicate purpose or benefit, often translated as 'for' in English. It can be used to specify the intended recipient …
dlatego
CONJ
therefore / that's why
The conjunction 'dlatego' is used to indicate a reason or a conclusion, meaning 'therefore' or 'that's why'. It connects two independent clauses to explain the…
dlatego że
CONJ
because / the reason is that
"Dlatego że" is used to introduce a reason or explanation for something. It connects two clauses, where the first clause states a fact and the second explains …
do
PREP
to / into / until
Always takes Genitive. Means direction toward (do sklepu = to the shop), entering (do domu = into the house), or limit in time (do piątej = until five).
do przodu
ADV
forward / ahead
Directional adverbial phrase. 'Idź do przodu' = Go forward. 'Patrz do przodu' = Look ahead. Also used figuratively: 'Musimy iść do przodu' = We must move forwa…
do tyłu
ADV
backward / back
Directional adverbial phrase indicating backward movement. Opposite of 'do przodu'. 'Cofnij się do tyłu' = Move backward. 'Zrobiłem krok do tyłu' = I took a st…
Do zobaczenia
WORD
See you
This phrase is commonly used in Polish as a way to say goodbye, implying that the speaker intends to see the listener again in the future.
dobra
ADJ
good
The word 'dobra' is the feminine form of the adjective meaning 'good'. It is used to describe feminine nouns or in contexts where a feminine subject is implied.
dobrze
ADV
well
Used to describe the manner in which an action is performed, indicating that it is done in a good or satisfactory way.
dokonywać / dokonać
VERB
to accomplish
Use the imperfective for ongoing processes of accomplishing, while the perfective form signifies a completed accomplishment.
dokładnie
ADV
exactly / precisely / carefully
Manner adverb meaning 'exactly' or 'carefully'. 'Dokładnie tak' = Exactly so. 'Rób to dokładnie' = Do it carefully/precisely. Also used as a filler/agreement: …
dolewać / dolać
VERB
to pour additional liquid
The verb 'dolać' is used when referring to the action of pouring in additional liquid, such as water or a beverage, into a container or mixture. It is commonly…
domagać się / domagać się
VERB
to demand
Use the imperfective aspect for an ongoing process of demanding. The perfective aspect serves the same function but signifies that the demand is made.
dopiero
ADV
only / not until / just
Expresses that something happens later than expected or only under certain conditions. 'Dopiero teraz rozumiem' = Only now do I understand. 'Dopiero o piątej' …
dopóki
CONJ
as long as / until (while still)
Subordinating time conjunction. 'Dopóki' with positive verbs = as long as. With negative: 'dopóki nie' = until. 'Zostanę, dopóki będziesz potrzebował' = I'll s…
doradzać / doradzić
VERB
to advise
Use the imperfective form to discuss ongoing or repeated advising. Use the perfective aspect to indicate the act of advising that has been completed.
dotrzymywać / dotrzymać
VERB
to keep (a promise)
Use the imperfective to talk about the ongoing process of keeping a promise. The perfective refers to the completed act of keeping a promise.
dotykać / dotknąć
VERB
to touch
The imperfective form is used for repeated or ongoing actions of touching, while the perfective form refers to specific instances of having touched.
dotąd
ADV
until now
The adverb 'dotąd' means 'until now' and is used to indicate a continuity of an action or situation that has been ongoing up to the present moment. It does not…
dowiadywać się / dowiedzieć się
VERB
to inquire
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
drogi
ADJ
expensive
The Polish adjective 'drogi' is used to describe something that costs a lot of money. It is commonly used in conversational and written Polish to indicate high…
duchowe
ADJ
spiritual
The word 'duchowe' is an adjective meaning 'spiritual' and is used to describe things related to the spirit, soul, or emotions. It agrees in gender, number, an…
Duży
ADJ
Big
Duży is commonly used to describe the size of objects or people. It is the masculine form of the adjective and can change according to the gender and number of…
dyrektor
NOUN
director
The term 'dyrektor' is used to refer to someone who is the head of an organization or a significant department. It can be used in both formal and informal cont…
dyrektorka
NOUN
female director
Use 'dyrektorka' to refer to a female director or head of an organization. It is the feminine form of 'dyrektor'. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem dy…
działać / zadziałać
VERB
to act
The imperfective aspect is for describing ongoing actions or repeated actions. The perfective aspect is for actions completed in a specific manner.
dzielić / podzielić
VERB
to divide
Use the imperfective for ongoing or repetitive divisions, while the perfective indicates a division that has been completed.
dziennikarka
NOUN
female journalist
Used to refer to a female journalist or reporter. Common in media contexts. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem dziennikarką.
dziennikarz
NOUN
journalist
Used to refer to a male journalist or reporter. Common in media and press contexts. The feminine form is 'dziennikarka'. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Je…
dzień
NOUN
day
The word 'dzień' is primarily used as a noun meaning 'day'. It is commonly used in greetings, expressions of time or duration, and when discussing events. In P…
dzisiaj
ADV
today
Full form of 'dziś'. Both 'dziś' and 'dzisiaj' are equally correct and common. 'Dzisiaj jest piękna pogoda' = Today the weather is beautiful.
dzięki
PREP
thanks to / owing to
The preposition 'dzięki' is used to express gratitude or to indicate the cause of something positively. It is always followed by a noun or a pronoun in the ins…
dziękować / podziękować
VERB
to thank
The imperfective form is suitable for ongoing gratitude, while the perfective is used for a specific instance of thanking.
dziś
ADV
today
Short form of 'dzisiaj'. Both are fully interchangeable. 'Dziś mam egzamin' = Today I have an exam. Commonly used in spoken and written Polish.
dzwonić / zadzwonić
VERB
to call
Use the imperfective form to express ongoing or repeated actions. The perfective form is used for completed actions.
długopis
NOUN
pen
The word 'długopis' is used to refer to a writing instrument that uses ink. It is commonly found in various settings such as schools, offices, and homes.
farmaceuta
NOUN
pharmacist
Refers to a male pharmacist. Used in pharmacy and medical contexts. Jestem farmaceutą.
farmaceutka
NOUN
female pharmacist
Feminine form of 'farmaceuta'. Refers to a female pharmacist. Jestem farmaceutką.
fatalny
ADJ
fatal
The word 'fatalny' is used to describe something that is deadly or results in death. It can be used in various contexts, such as medicine, accidents, or disast…
fotograf
NOUN
photographer
Refers to a male photographer. Common in art and media contexts. Jestem fotografem.
fotografka
NOUN
female photographer
Feminine form of 'fotograf'. Refers to a female photographer. Jestem fotografką.
fryzjer
NOUN
hairdresser / barber
Refers to a male hairdresser or barber. Common in everyday contexts. Jestem fryzjerem.
fryzjerka
NOUN
female hairdresser
Feminine form of 'fryzjer'. Refers to a female hairdresser. Jestem fryzjerką.
gadać / pogadać
VERB
to talk
The verb 'gadać' is commonly used in informal contexts to mean 'to talk' or 'to chat' with no specific goal. It can imply light conversation or gossip.
gdy
CONJ
when / as / while
Subordinating conjunction of time. More literary than 'kiedy'. Introduces time clauses (Gdy wróciłem, ona spała = When I came back, she was sleeping). Also use…
gdzieś
ADV
somewhere
Indefinite adverb of place. Indicates an unspecified location. 'Gdzieś go widziałam' = I saw him somewhere. 'Idę gdzieś' = I'm going somewhere (unspecified).
golić się / ogolić się
VERB
to shave oneself
This reflexive verb is used to describe the action of shaving, typically in relation to personal grooming. It is important to use it reflexively when referring…
gotować / ugotować
VERB
to cook
Use the imperfective for ongoing cooking and the perfective for completed cooking. For example, 'gotować' refers to the cooking process underway, while 'ugotow…
Gracz
NOUN
Player
The word 'gracz' refers to someone who plays a game or sport. It is used in contexts related to games, sports, and competitive activities.
Graczka
NOUN
female player
'Graczka' is the feminine form of the noun 'gracz', which means 'player'. It is used to refer specifically to female players in games or sports contexts.
granica
NOUN
border
The word 'granica' refers to a boundary or border, typically used in the context of geographical or political borders.
grać / zagrać
VERB
to play
The imperfective form covers ongoing play or repeated actions, while the perfective encompasses playing to completion.
gryzon
NOUN
rodent
The word 'gryzon' refers to any small mammal of the order Rodentia. It's commonly used in both scientific contexts and everyday language to describe animals su…
grzeczny
ADJ
polite
The word 'grzeczny' is used to describe someone who is well-mannered or polite. It can be used in various contexts, typically in reference to children or socia…
głośniej
ADJ
louder
The word 'głośniej' is used to describe a comparative form of loudness. It is often used in contexts where someone is asked to speak or sound more intensely.
głośniej
ADJ
louder
The word 'głośniej' is used to describe a comparative form of loudness. It is often used in contexts where someone is asked to speak or sound more intensely.
głośno
ADV
loudly / aloud
Manner adverb indicating volume. 'Nie mów tak głośno' = Don't speak so loudly. 'Czytaj głośno' = Read aloud. Comparative: 'głośniej'. Opposite: 'cicho'.
hałas
NOUN
noise
The word 'hałas' refers to any unwanted or disruptive sound, often used in contexts related to noise pollution or disturbances.
i
CONJ
and
The most basic coordinating conjunction. Joins words, phrases, and clauses of equal importance. Never changes form and requires no case.
interesować się / zainteresować się
VERB
to be interested in
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about an ongoing interest or habit of being interested. Use the perfective aspect when referring to a completed act of…
internetowa
ADJ
internet
The word 'internetowa' is used to describe something related to the internet, specifically in its feminine form, often used with nouns that are feminine in gen…
inżynier
NOUN
engineer
'Inżynier' is used to refer to a professional who applies scientific and mathematical principles to design and analyze solutions to technical problems. Common …
inżynierka
NOUN
female engineer
The word 'inżynierka' is the feminine form of 'inżynier', which means 'engineer' in Polish. It is commonly used to refer to women who work in engineering profe…
iść / pójść
VERB
to go (on foot)
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
jadalnia
NOUN
dining room
The word 'jadalnia' refers to a room in a house or establishment specifically designed for eating meals. It is commonly used in both residential and restaurant…
Jagoda
NOUN
berry
The word 'jagoda' is used to refer to small, juicy fruits that typically grow on bushes. It's commonly used in both singular and plural forms when discussing v…
jak
CONJ
as / how / when / like
Versatile conjunction/adverb. As a conjunction: 'jak' in comparisons (tak samo jak = just like), time clauses (jak byłem dzieckiem = when I was a child), or ma…
jak tylko
CONJ
as soon as
Subordinating time conjunction expressing immediacy. The action in the main clause happens immediately after the condition is met. 'Zadzwoń jak tylko skończysz…
Jakim
PRON
what kind (of)
Jakim is used to refer to a type or kind of something, often in questions or relative clauses. It is the instrumental form of the pronoun 'jaki', used before m…
jakiś
ADJ
some
The word 'jakiś' is used to indicate an indefinite or unspecified object or quality. It can be used in various contexts when the exact nature of something is n…
jechać / pojechać
VERB
to drive/go (by vehicle)
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
jednocześnie
ADV
simultaneously
Used to describe actions or events happening at the same time. It can be employed in both spoken and written Polish.
jeszcze
ADV
still / yet / more
In positive sentences means 'still' (jeszcze śpię = I'm still sleeping). In negative sentences means 'not yet' (jeszcze nie skończyłam = I haven't finished yet…
jeśli
CONJ
if (conditional)
Subordinating conjunction introducing a conditional clause. Used for real or possible conditions. Synonym of 'jeżeli'. 'Jeśli masz czas, zadzwoń' = If you have…
jeść / zjeść
VERB
to eat
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
jeżeli
CONJ
if (conditional, formal)
Synonym of 'jeśli', slightly more formal. Both are correct at B1 level. Used for real conditions and possibilities. Very common in formal writing and condition…
jutro
ADV
tomorrow
Adverb referring to the next day. Used with future tense or perfective verbs. 'Jutro pojadę do Krakowa' = Tomorrow I will go to Kraków.
już
ADV
already / anymore / any longer
In positive sentences means 'already' (już skończyłem = I've already finished). In negative sentences means 'no longer/anymore' (już nie mieszkam tam = I no lo…
kasa
NOUN
cash
The word 'kasa' is commonly used in informal contexts to refer to cash or money. It can also denote the cash register in a store.
kelner
NOUN
waiter
Use 'kelner' to refer to a male waiter. In Polish, professions have gendered forms — 'kelner' is masculine and 'kelnerka' is feminine. Use with the instrumenta…
kelnerka
NOUN
waitress
The word 'kelnerka' is a feminine noun in Polish meaning 'waitress'. It is used in contexts involving women serving food and drinks in restaurants or cafes. Wh…
kiedy
CONJ
when / whenever
Subordinating conjunction of time and question word. Used in time clauses (kiedy skończyłem = when I finished) and direct/indirect questions (Kiedy przyjdziesz…
kierować / pokierować
VERB
to guide
Imperfective implies ongoing or habitual guidance, while perfective refers to finalized guidance.
kierowca
NOUN
driver
The word 'kierowca' refers to a person who drives a vehicle. It is commonly used in both informal and formal contexts to describe professional drivers as well …
kiełek
NOUN
sprout; seedling (plural: sprouts)
The word 'kiełek' is used to refer to a sprout or seedling, particularly in gardening and botanical contexts. It is important to remember that this noun is mas…
kochać / pokochać
VERB
to love
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing love or repeated expressions of love. Use the perfective aspect when indicating a distinct, completed act of falling in…
kolczyki
NOUN
earrings
Kolczyki are jewelry worn on the ears. They can be made of various materials and come in many designs.
koniugować / koniugować
VERB
to conjugate
The verb 'koniugować' is commonly used in the context of grammar, specifically when referring to the conjugation of verbs in different tenses or forms.
korzystać / skorzystać
VERB
to use
The imperfective aspect is for ongoing or repeated use. The perfective aspect is when the usage is complete or finished.
kończyć / skończyć
VERB
to finish
The verb 'skończyć' is used to denote the completion of an action or process. It is typically used in contexts where something is finished or concluded.
kończyć / dokończyć
VERB
to finish
The verb 'dokończyć' is used to indicate the completion of an action or task. It refers to finishing something that was previously started.
kresło
NOUN
armchair
The word 'kresło' refers to a type of seat, typically characterized by armrests. It is commonly used in the context of furniture and interior design, often fou…
kroić / pokroić
VERB
to cut
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing cutting or repeatedly cut actions. Use the perfective aspect when the cutting has been completed.
krzyczeć / krzyknąć
VERB
to shout
Use the imperfective aspect to describe ongoing or habitual shouting. The perfective aspect is used when the shout is completed or done at a particular time.
krótko
ADV
briefly
The adverb 'krótko' is used to describe actions or states that occur in a short amount of time. It can be used in formal and informal contexts.
kręcić / nakręcić
VERB
to twist
The imperfective aspect is used when describing ongoing twisting actions. The perfective aspect is used when the twisting is completed.
księgowa
NOUN
female accountant
Feminine form of 'księgowy'. Refers to a female accountant. Jestem księgową.
księgowy
NOUN
accountant / bookkeeper
Refers to a male accountant or bookkeeper. Used in business and financial contexts. Jestem księgowym.
kto
PRON
who
The word 'kto' is used to ask questions about identity or to refer to people. It can be used in both singular and plural contexts.
ktoś
PRON
someone
The word 'ktoś' is used in Polish to refer to someone in an unspecified or unknown manner. It is commonly used in both spoken and written language to indicate …
Który
PRON
Which
Który is a relative pronoun used to ask questions about specific items among a group. It can refer to both animate and inanimate objects, depending on the cont…
Kubek
NOUN
mug
The word 'kubek' is used to refer to a cup or mug, typically used for drinking beverages. It can be used for both hot and cold drinks.
kucharka
NOUN
female cook
Feminine form of 'kucharz'. Refers to a female cook. Jestem kucharką.
kucharz
NOUN
cook / chef
Refers to a male cook or chef. Common in restaurant and home cooking contexts. Jestem kucharzem.
Kukurydza
NOUN
Corn
The word 'kukurydza' refers to the plant and its edible grains, widely cultivated worldwide. It is often used in cooking and as animal feed.
kupować / kupić
VERB
to buy
Use the imperfective aspect for the ongoing process of buying. Use the perfective aspect when the purchase is completed.
kłamać / skłamać
VERB
to lie
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing action of lying or repeated lies. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a completed act of lying.
kłaść / położyć
VERB
to put, to lay
Use the imperfective aspect (kłaść) when referring to an ongoing action or a habitual action. Use the perfective aspect (położyć) when the action is completed …
kłócić się / kłócić się - pokłócić się
VERB
to argue
The verb 'kłócić się' is used to describe the action of arguing or having a disagreement with someone. It is often used in contexts involving personal or emoti…
latać / latać
VERB
to fly
Use the imperfective form to describe repeated or habitual actions. The perfective form indicates a completed action.
Lać / nalać
VERB
to pour
The verb 'lać' is used when referring to the action of pouring a liquid. It is often used in contexts such as pouring water, beverages, or other liquids.
lecieć / polecieć
VERB
to fly
The imperfective aspect captures the ongoing nature or repetitiveness of flying. The perfective indicates a completed act of flying.
lekarka
NOUN
female doctor
Use 'lekarka' to refer to a female doctor. It is the feminine form of 'lekarz'. Common in healthcare contexts. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem lekar…
lekarz
NOUN
doctor
Use 'lekarz' to refer to a male doctor or physician. Common in healthcare contexts. The feminine form is 'lekarka'. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem …
lekki
ADJ
light
The word 'lekki' is used to describe something that has little weight or is not heavy. It can be used with both physical objects and metaphorical meanings, suc…
leniwy
ADJ
lazy
Used to describe a person or animal that is unwilling to work or put in effort. It can also describe things that are slow or inactive.
leżeć / położyć się
VERB
to lie down
Use the imperfective aspect when describing the state of lying down or being in that position. Use the perfective aspect when referring to the action of lying …
lub
CONJ
or (neutral)
The conjunction 'lub' is used to present alternatives in Polish, similar to 'or' in English. It can connect words, phrases, or clauses without a preference for…
lubić / polubić
VERB
to like
Use imperfective for describing general fondness. Use perfective for the instant of developing a sudden like.
mailować / pocztować
VERB
to mail
The verb 'mailować' is used to describe the action of sending something via mail. It is often used in modern contexts, especially regarding emails.
Majówka
NOUN
May holiday
Majówka refers to a long weekend or holiday in Poland that includes May 1st (Labour Day) and May 3rd (Constitution Day), often celebrated with family gathering…
malować / namalować
VERB
to paint
Imperfective describes ongoing actions of painting, while perfective is used to indicate a completed act of painting.
mama
NOUN
mother
The word 'mama' is commonly used to refer to one's mother in a casual and affectionate manner. It can be used by children as well as adults when addressing or …
marnować / zmarnować
VERB
to waste
Use the imperfective when talking about the process of wasting. Use the perfective to indicate that the waste has occurred entirely.
martwić się / zmartwić się
VERB
to worry
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about persistent worry. Use the perfective aspect when indicating a specific, completed instance of worrying.
menedżer
NOUN
manager
The word 'menedżer' is used to refer to a person who is responsible for managing an organization or group. It is typically used in professional or business con…
menedżerka
NOUN
female manager
The word 'menedżerka' is the feminine form of 'menedżer', which denotes a female manager. It is commonly used in professional environments to refer specificall…
mgła
NOUN
fog
The word 'mgła' means 'fog' and is used in Polish to describe a weather condition that reduces visibility. In sentences, it can represent both a subject and an…
mieszkaniec
NOUN
inhabitant
The word 'mieszkaniec' is used to refer to a person who resides in a particular place. It is typically used in demographic discussions and when referring to re…
mieszkać / mieszkać
VERB
to live
Use this verb when referring to the action of living or residing in a particular place. It is commonly used in conversations about one's home or residence.
mieć / mieć
VERB
to have
Use for habitual actions or states of having. Both aspects are identical in this case.
mimo
PREP
despite / in spite of
The preposition 'mimo' is used to express contrast, indicating that something happens or is true even though there are opposing circumstances. It always govern…
mimo że
CONJ
although / even though (emphatic)
Emphatic concessive conjunction, stronger than 'chociaż'. Stresses that the result is surprising given the obstacle. 'Mimo że byłam zmęczona, poszłam' = Even t…
między
PREP
between / among
The preposition 'między' is used to indicate a position or relationship among two or more subjects, often implying a spatial or conceptual separation. It typic…
miękki
ADJ
soft
The Polish adjective 'miękki' is used to describe objects that are not hard, such as pillows or certain foods. It is commonly used in everyday conversation to …
miły
ADJ
nice
The word 'miły' is used to describe someone or something that is kind or pleasant. It is typically used in a positive context.
mleko
NOUN
milk
The word 'mleko' means 'milk' in Polish and is a noun, not a conjunction. It is important to understand the cases that 'mleko' can take when used with differen…
Modelowanie
NOUN
Modeling
The word 'modelowanie' refers to the process of creating a model, often used in contexts like design, art, or mathematics. It is used as a noun to describe the…
mokry
ADJ
wet
The word 'mokry' is used to describe something that is wet. It can refer to both literal wetness, like wet clothes, and metaphorically, such as a wet environme…
muffinka
NOUN
muffin
The word 'muffinka' refers to a type of sweet baked good, similar to a cake, often served as a snack or dessert. It is commonly used in both culinary contexts …
muffinka
NOUN
muffin
The word 'muffinka' refers to a type of sweet baked good, similar to a cake, often served as a snack or dessert. It is commonly used in both culinary contexts …
mylić się / pomylić się
VERB
to make a mistake
This verb is used to express the act of making a mistake or being mistaken. It is commonly used in various contexts, both literal and figurative.
myć / umyć
VERB
to wash
Use the imperfective aspect to describe the ongoing action of washing. Use the perfective aspect when you want to convey that the action has been completed.
myć się / umyć się
VERB
to wash oneself
The verb 'myć się' is reflexive and used to indicate the action of washing oneself. It is commonly used in daily conversation when discussing personal hygiene.
myśleć / pomyśleć
VERB
to think
The imperfective is used for ongoing thoughts or processes, while the perfective indicates a completed thought.
móc / móc
VERB
to be able
This verb has the same form for both aspects, referring to the ability to do something. The context of the sentence typically determines whether it is ongoing …
mówić / powiedzieć
VERB
to say
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing or habitual actions of saying. Use the perfective aspect to indicate the completion of an act of saying.
na
PREP
on / at / onto / for
Takes Locative for position on a surface or at a place (na stole = on the table). Takes Accusative for movement onto something or for future events (na wakacje…
na
PREP
on; onto; for; at
Preposition used with accusative case (expressing direction/movement towards) and locative case (expressing location/position on). Examples: na stół (onto the …
na lewo
ADV
to the left
Directional adverbial phrase. Also 'w lewo'. 'Skręć na lewo' = Turn left. 'Dom jest na lewo' = The house is on the left. Commonly used for giving directions.
na prawo
ADV
to the right
The adverb 'na prawo' means 'to the right' and is used to describe direction. It is often used in giving directions or describing movement. Remember that it do…
na zewnątrz
PREP
outside / on the outside
The preposition 'na zewnątrz' is used to indicate movement or location outside of a defined space. It typically governs the accusative when referring to direct…
naciskać / nacisnąć
VERB
to press
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the ongoing action of pressing. The perfective aspect is used when the pressing action is completed.
nad
PREP
above / over / by (water)
The preposition 'nad' is used to indicate that something is located above or over something else. It typically requires the genitive case when indicating a pos…
nagle
ADV
suddenly / all of a sudden
Adverb indicating an abrupt, unexpected change. Typically used with perfective verbs. 'Nagle zadzwonił telefon' = Suddenly the phone rang. Common in narratives…
nagranie
NOUN
recording
The word 'nagranie' is a noun meaning 'recording' and is commonly used to refer to audio or video recordings. It is important to use the correct grammatical ca…
nagrywać / nagrać
VERB
to record
The verb 'nagrywać' is used to describe the action of recording audio, video, or other media. It is commonly used in contexts involving digital media, music, a…
najbardziej
ADV
most (superlative)
Superlative adverb. Used to form superlatives with adjectives and adverbs. 'Najbardziej lubię lato' = I like summer the most. 'Najbardziej interesujący film' =…
najczęściej
ADV
most often / most frequently
Superlative adverb of frequency. Derived from 'często'. 'Co robisz najczęściej w weekend?' = What do you do most often on the weekend?
najpierw
ADV
first / at first / firstly
Adverb of sequence indicating the first action in a series. 'Najpierw zjem, potem wyjdę' = First I'll eat, then I'll go out. Useful for describing routines and…
Nalewać / nalać
VERB
to pour
The verb 'nalewać' is used to describe the action of pouring a liquid. It is often used in contexts involving drinks or other liquids, and is generally used in…
napełniać / napełnić
VERB
to fill
Use the imperfective for ongoing or repeating actions. Use the perfective for actions that have been completed.
naprawdę
ADV
really / truly / indeed
The adverb "naprawdę" is used to emphasize certainty or truthfulness in statements. It usually follows the verb or adjective it modifies and does not govern a …
naprzeciwko
PREP
opposite / across from
The preposition 'naprzeciwko' is used to indicate the location of something that is opposite or across from something else. It always governs the genitive case…
narzekać / narzekać
VERB
to complain
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing complaining or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect when the complaining has been completed.
następny
ADJ
next
Used to describe something that follows in order or sequence. It's commonly used in contexts such as describing events, items, or places.
nauczyciel
NOUN
teacher (m.)
Use 'nauczyciel' to refer to a male teacher. Common in school and educational contexts. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem nauczycielem.
nauczycielka
NOUN
teacher (f.)
Use 'nauczycielka' to refer to a female teacher. It is the feminine form of 'nauczyciel'. Common in school contexts. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem…
naukowczyni
NOUN
female scientist
The word 'naukowczyni' is the feminine form of 'naukowiec', which means 'scientist' in Polish. It is used to refer to female scientists specifically, recognizi…
naukowiec
NOUN
scientist
The word 'naukowiec' is used to refer to a person who conducts scientific research or studies in a particular field. It is commonly used in academic and profes…
nic
NOUN
nothing
The word 'nic' is used to indicate the absence of anything. It appears in various contexts, such as 'Nic nie rozumiem' (I understand nothing).
nie tylko… ale także…
CONJ
not only… but also…
The conjunction 'nie tylko… ale także…' is used to join two clauses, emphasizing that both statements are true. It typically introduces ideas that are related …
niecierpliwość
NOUN
impatience
The word 'niecierpliwość' is used to describe the state of being unable to wait calmly. It can refer to impatience in both emotional and contextual situations.
niektore
PRON
some
The word 'niektore' is used to refer to unspecified items or entities in a plural context. It is commonly used to indicate a portion of a larger group without …
nienawidzić / znienawidzić
VERB
to hate
Imperfective is used to describe the continuous feeling of hatred. Perfective indicates that one has come to hate something.
niepalących
ADJ
non-smoking (plural genitive)
The word 'niepalących' refers to individuals or environments that do not allow smoking. It is commonly used in contexts related to health and public spaces.
niestety
ADV
unfortunately / sadly
Modal adverb expressing regret. Often used at the start of a sentence to signal disappointing news. 'Niestety nie mogę przyjść' = Unfortunately I can't come. V…
nigdy
ADV
never
Adverb of frequency — always requires double negation with 'nie' (negated verb). 'Nigdy nie kłamię' = I never lie. Double negation is grammatically correct in …
nigdzie
ADV
nowhere
Negative adverb of place. Always requires double negation with 'nie'. 'Nigdzie nie idę' = I'm going nowhere/I'm not going anywhere. Opposite of 'wszędzie'.
nikogo
PRON
nobody
The pronoun 'nikogo' is used in Polish to refer to no person or nobody, often in negative constructions.
nikt
PRON
nobody
'Nikt' is an indefinite pronoun used to refer to no person at all. It is commonly used in negative constructions.
niski
ADJ
low; short (of height)
The word 'niski' is used to describe something that has a low height. It is an adjective and must agree in gender and number with the noun it describes. For ex…
niszczyć / zniszczyć
VERB
to destroy
The imperfective is used for ongoing or habitual actions, while the perfective indicates a completed action.
nosić / nosić
VERB
to carry
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect for completed actions or single events.
null
NOUN
difference
The word 'różnica' is used in Polish to refer to a difference between two or more things. It is a feminine noun and follows standard declension patterns for fe…
o
PREP
about / at (time)
Takes Locative when meaning 'about' a topic (o pracy = about work). Takes Accusative for clock times (o trzeciej = at three o'clock).
obiad
NOUN
dinner
The word 'obiad' is used to refer to the main meal of the day, typically eaten in the early afternoon. It can refer to both a meal and the time of day when the…
obiecywać / obiecać
VERB
to promise
Use the imperfective aspect to describe the act of promising over a period of time. The perfective aspect should be used when the promise has been made.
oboje
PRON
both
Used to refer to two people or things considered together.
obok
PREP
next to / beside
Always takes Genitive. Indicates physical proximity beside something or someone (obok sklepu = next to the shop).
obserwować / zaobserwować
VERB
to observe
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing observation, while the perfective aspect indicates that the observation has been completed.
Obsługa
NOUN
Service
The word 'obsługa' refers to the act of serving or providing a service, commonly used in contexts related to customer service or hospitality. It can also refer…
obsługiwać / obsłużyć
VERB
to service
The verb 'obsługiwać' is used when referring to the act of providing service or managing equipment. It's commonly used in contexts involving customer service o…
oczekiwać / oczekiwać
VERB
to expect
For ongoing expectations use the imperfective aspect, whereas the perfective is for completed expectations.
oczywiście
ADV
of course / obviously / certainly
Adverb expressing that something is obvious or goes without saying. Used to strongly agree or affirm. 'Oczywiście pomogę' = Of course I'll help. 'Oczywiście!' …
od
PREP
from / since
Always takes Genitive. Marks the starting point in time (od rana = since morning) or space (od drzwi = from the door). Pairs with 'do' to form 'from…to…'.
odbierać / odebrać
VERB
to receive
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing reception or regular occurrences of receiving. Use the perfective aspect to denote the completion of receiving.
odchodzić / odejść
VERB
to depart
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing actions or habits, while the perfective aspect describes complete actions or events.
oddychać / oddychać
VERB
to breathe
Use the imperfective aspect for the ongoing process of breathing. There is no perfective form since the action is continuous.
odmawiać / odmówić
VERB
to refuse
Use the imperfective aspect (odmawiać) when talking about the ongoing or habitual act of refusing. Use the perfective aspect (odmówić) to indicate a completed …
odpoczywać / odpocząć
VERB
to rest
Use the imperfective for ongoing or habitual resting. The perfective is for a one-time completed act of resting.
odpowiadać / odpowiedzieć
VERB
to answer
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing the action of replying over time. Use the perfective aspect to indicate that the answer has been given.
odrzucać / odrzucić
VERB
to reject
Use the imperfective aspect (odrzucać) to indicate ongoing or repeated rejection. Use the perfective aspect (odrzucić) for a completed rejection.
odwoływać / Odwolać
VERB
to cancel
The verb 'odwołać' is used when talking about canceling an event, an appointment, or a decision. It is a perfective verb, meaning the action is completed.
odwoływać / odwołać
VERB
to cancel
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the ongoing act of canceling. Use the perfective aspect when referring to the act of having canceled something.
oferować / zaoferować
VERB
to offer
Use the imperfective for giving general offers, and the perfective when the offer has been made.
oglądać / obejrzeć
VERB
to watch
Use the imperfective when referring to watching something over a duration of time. Use the perfective when the action of watching is completed.
okazja
NOUN
occasion
The word 'okazja' is used to refer to a specific occasion or opportunity. It often implies a noteworthy or special event, as in a festive or favorable circumst…
okno
NOUN
window
The word 'okno' is used to refer to an opening in a wall or a structure, often covered with glass, that allows light and air to enter a room. It is commonly us…
około
PREP
about / around (approximate)
The preposition 'około' is used to indicate an approximate amount or time. It usually takes the genitive case when describing quantities. Remember to use 'okoł…
oprócz
PREP
besides / apart from / except
The preposition 'oprócz' is used to indicate exclusion or addition, translating to 'besides', 'apart from', or 'except' in English. It usually requires the gen…
opuszczać / opuścić
VERB
to leave
The verb 'opuszczać' is used to express the act of leaving or departing from a place, often indicating a sense of abandonment.
organizować / zorganizować
VERB
to organize
Use the imperfective for ongoing organization, while the perfective emphasizes that the organization has been completed.
osiadać / osiedlić się
VERB
to settle
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about the ongoing process of settling down. Use the perfective aspect to refer to the completed act of settling.
oskarżać / oskarżyć
VERB
to accuse
Imperfective is used for ongoing accusations, while perfective indicates a finalized accusation.
ostatnio
ADV
recently / lately
Adverb indicating something happened in the recent past. 'Ostatnio dużo pracuję' = Lately I've been working a lot. Used with imperfective or perfective past te…
ostrożnie
ADV
carefully / cautiously
Manner adverb emphasizing caution to avoid danger or mistakes. 'Jedź ostrożnie!' = Drive carefully! Common on signs and as a parting expression. Comparative: '…
ostry
ADJ
sharp
The word 'ostry' is used to describe something that has a sharp edge or point, like a knife. It can also refer to strong sensations, such as a sharp taste or a…
oszczędzać / zaoszczędzić
VERB
to save (money)
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing the ongoing action of saving money over time. Use the perfective aspect when referring to the completion of a savin…
oszukiwać / oszukać
VERB
to deceive
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing deceit or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect for completed acts of deception.
otwierać / otworzyć
VERB
to open
The imperfective is used to express the act of opening in progress, while the perfective indicates the action of opening is completed.
pagoda
NOUN
pagoda
The word 'pagoda' refers to a tiered tower with multiple eaves, common in Asian architecture. It is typically used to denote a structure used for worship or as…
paliwo
NOUN
fuel
The word 'paliwo' refers to any substance that can be burned to produce energy, commonly used in the context of vehicles or power generation. It is important t…
palić / spalić
VERB
to burn
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions of burning. The perfective aspect indicates that the burning action has been completed.
pamiętać / zapamiętać
VERB
to remember
The imperfective relates to the ongoing act of remembering, whereas the perfective highlights the completion of the act of remembering.
pasować / dopasować
VERB
to fit, to match
The verb 'pasować' is used when describing how well something fits or matches another thing. It can be used in both physical and metaphorical contexts.
patrzeć / popatrzeć
VERB
to look
Use the imperfective aspect when looking is ongoing. Use the perfective aspect for a completed act of looking.
pchać / popchnąć
VERB
to push
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing actions of pushing. The perfective aspect indicates that the push has been completed.
pewny
ADJ
certain
The word 'pewny' is used to describe something that is known for sure or is definite. It can be used in various contexts, such as describing confidence in a pe…
pełny
ADJ
full
The adjective 'pełny' indicates something that is complete or filled, serving as the opposite of 'pusty', which means 'empty'. It can describe objects, situati…
picie
NOUN
drinking; drink/beverage (colloq.)
The word 'picie' is a noun meaning 'drinking' or 'beverage'. It is commonly used in everyday conversations in Polish. Remember to use it in contexts related to…
piec / upiec
VERB
to bake
The imperfective form is for ongoing actions or repeated instances of baking. Use the perfective form to indicate that the baking has been completed.
pielęgniarka
NOUN
nurse
Refers to a female nurse. The most common form used in healthcare. Jestem pielęgniarką.
pielęgniarz
NOUN
male nurse
Refers to a male nurse. The feminine form 'pielęgniarka' is more commonly heard as nursing is traditionally female-dominated, but 'pielęgniarz' is fully correc…
pijany
ADJ
drunk
The word 'pijany' is used to describe a person who is under the influence of alcohol. It can be used in various contexts, from casual conversation to more form…
piosenka
NOUN
song
The word 'piosenka' is used in Polish to mean 'song' and it serves as a noun. It can be used in various contexts to refer to music and often appears with adjec…
piosenkarka
NOUN
female pop singer
Refers to a female pop/contemporary singer. Feminine counterpart of 'piosenkarz'. Jestem piosenkarką.
piosenkarz
NOUN
pop singer
Refers to a male pop/contemporary singer. More informal than 'śpiewak'. Jestem piosenkarzem.
pisarka
NOUN
female writer
Refers to a female writer or author. Feminine counterpart of 'pisarz'. Jestem pisarką.
pisarz
NOUN
writer
Refers to a male writer or author. Very common in literary contexts. Feminine form is 'pisarka'. Jestem pisarzem.
pić / wypić
VERB
to drink
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
piękny
ADJ
beautiful
The word 'piękny' is used to describe a masculine noun as beautiful or pretty. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
planować / zaplanować
VERB
to plan
Use the imperfective for ongoing planning, and the perfective for completed planning.
po
PREP
after / around / in (language)
Takes Locative for 'after' in time (po pracy = after work), movement around a space (po parku = around the park), and for languages (po polsku = in Polish). Ta…
Pociąg
NOUN
Train
The word 'pociąg' is used to refer to a train as a mode of transportation. It is commonly used when talking about travel or public transport options in Poland.
pociągać / pociągnąć
VERB
to pull
The imperfective aspect is for ongoing or habitual actions of pulling. The perfective aspect is for actions that have been completed.
początku
NOUN
of the beginning
The word 'początek' means 'beginning' and it is used to refer to the start or the commencement of something. The genitive form 'początku' is often used in phra…
pod
PREP
under / below
Takes Instrumental for static position under something (pod stołem = under the table). Takes Accusative for movement to under something (pod stół = under the t…
podawać / podać
VERB
to serve (food)
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing the ongoing action of serving. Use the perfective aspect when the serving action is completed.
podczas
PREP
during
The preposition 'podczas' is used to talk about events happening at the same time as something else, indicating a specific period. It is typically followed by …
podczas gdy
CONJ
while / whereas
Subordinating time/contrast conjunction. Indicates two actions happening simultaneously OR contrasts two situations. 'Podczas gdy ty spałeś, ja pracowałem' = W…
podejmować / podjąć
VERB
to take up
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about ongoing efforts to take up tasks or challenges. The perfective aspect is used when the effort has successfully b…
podgląd
NOUN
preview
The word 'podgląd' refers to a preview or a glimpse of something, commonly used in contexts related to media and technology, such as viewing a preview of a vid…
podgąd
NOUN
insight
The word 'podgąd' refers to a view or insight, often used in contexts related to knowledge or perspective. It is commonly used in academic or analytical writin…
podkreślać / podkreślić
VERB
to underline
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate an ongoing or habitual action. The perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
podróżować / podróżować
VERB
to travel
Use for repeated or habitual actions in traveling. Both aspects are identical in this case.
podziwiać / podziwiać
VERB
to admire
The imperfective aspect is used for actions that are ongoing or habitual. As this verb is biaspectual, perfective and imperfective forms are the same.
pokaz
NOUN
showing, display
The word 'pokaz' is commonly used to describe a display or demonstration of something. It can refer to an exhibition of art, a presentation of a concept, or an…
pokój
NOUN
room
The word 'pokój' refers to a room or a peaceful state. It is used in various contexts, including describing physical spaces (like a bedroom or living room) and…
pokój
NOUN
room
The word 'pokój' refers to a room or a peaceful state. It is used in various contexts, including describing physical spaces (like a bedroom or living room) and…
Polak
NOUN
Polish man
Use 'Polak' to refer to a male Polish person. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem Polakiem.
policjant
NOUN
police officer
Refers to a male police officer. Very common in everyday Polish. Jestem policjantem.
policjantka
NOUN
female police officer
Feminine form of 'policjant'. Refers to a female police officer. Jestem policjantką.
polityczka
NOUN
female politician
Feminine form of 'polityk'. Used to refer to a female politician. Becoming more common in modern Polish. Jestem polityczką.
polityk
NOUN
politician
Refers to a politician. 'Polityk' is often used for both genders in formal speech, but 'polityczka' is the feminine form. Jestem politykiem.
Polka
NOUN
Polish woman
Use 'Polka' to refer to a female Polish person. It is the feminine form of 'Polak'. Use with instrumental after Jestem: Jestem Polką.
pomagać / pomóc
VERB
to help
Use the imperfective to indicate ongoing or repetitive assistance, while the perfective is for completed help. For instance, 'pomagać' describes the continuous…
Pomoc
NOUN
Help
This word is used to refer to assistance or support provided to someone. It can be used in various contexts, such as offering help in a task or providing aid i…
ponieważ
CONJ
because / since (formal)
Subordinating conjunction of cause. More formal and literary than 'bo'. Common in written Polish, essays, and formal speech. Usually placed before the reason c…
popełniać / popełnić
VERB
to commit
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing actions of committing or repeated acts. Use the perfective aspect to express a single completed act.
poprawiać / poprawić
VERB
to correct
The imperfective form is used for ongoing corrections. The perfective indicates that a correction has been completed.
poprawny
ADJ
correct
The word 'poprawny' is used to describe something that is correct or appropriate. It is often used in contexts such as evaluations, grammar, and rules.
poradnik
NOUN
guide, handbook
The word 'poradnik' is used to refer to a guide or handbook that helps the reader understand a specific topic or skill. It is a masculine noun and can be impor…
port
NOUN
port
The word 'port' is used to refer to a harbor for ships or a location where goods are transferred. It can also be used in a computer context to refer to a conne…
pory
NOUN
periods/seasons
The word 'pory' is used to refer to different periods or seasons, such as parts of the day or seasons of the year. It is commonly used in expressions related t…
porządkować / uporządkować
VERB
to tidy up
The imperfective indicates ongoing tidying, while the perfective signifies that the tidying has been completed.
porównywać / porównać
VERB
to compare
Use the imperfective aspect when the act of comparing is ongoing or repeated. Use the perfective aspect to describe the completion of a comparison.
Posiłek
NOUN
Meal
The word 'posiłek' refers to a meal or a dish, typically used in the context of food consumed at certain times of the day. It can refer to any type of food pre…
postać
NOUN
form, appearance
Used to describe the shape or model of something, often in artistic or literary contexts. It can refer to both physical appearances and abstract representation…
potem
ADV
then / afterwards / later
The adverb 'potem' is used to indicate a sequence of events in time, meaning 'then', 'afterwards', or 'later'. It is typically placed at the beginning or in th…
potrzebować / potrzebować
VERB
to need
Use when discussing an ongoing state of needing something, usually without emphasis on completion. The perfective aspect describes the point at which the need …
powrót
NOUN
return
The noun 'powrót' is used to indicate the act of returning to a place or situation.
powtarzać / powtórzyć
VERB
to repeat
Use the imperfective to describe an ongoing or habitual action. Use the perfective to indicate a completed action.
poświęcać / poświęcić
VERB
to dedicate
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the ongoing act of dedicating. Use the perfective aspect when the dedication has been completed.
pożegnanie
NOUN
farewell
The word 'pożegnanie' is used to describe the act of saying goodbye. It's often used in farewell situations, such as at the end of a meeting or when parting wa…
pracować / popracować
VERB
to work
Use imperfective to describe ongoing work processes. Use perfective to indicate the completion of a work task.
pracownica
NOUN
female employee
Feminine form of 'pracownik'. Refers to a female employee or worker. Jestem pracownicą.
pracownik
NOUN
employee / worker
General term for a male employee or worker. Very common in professional and administrative contexts. Jestem pracownikiem.
prasować / wyprasować
VERB
to iron
Use the imperfective for the act of ironing when it is ongoing or habitual. The perfective is used for completed ironing tasks.
prawniczka
NOUN
female lawyer
The word 'prawniczka' is used to refer to a female lawyer in legal contexts. It can be used in sentences discussing the profession or describing someone who wo…
prawnik
NOUN
lawyer
The word 'prawnik' is used to refer to a person who practices law and provides legal advice. It is often used in both formal and informal contexts when discuss…
prać / wyprać
VERB
to wash (clothes)
Use the imperfective aspect to discuss the process of washing. Use the perfective aspect to indicate the action has been completed.
profesor
NOUN
professor
The word 'profesor' is used to refer to a person who teaches at a university or higher education institution. It can be used formally or informally depending o…
profesorka
NOUN
female professor
'Profesorka' is a diminutive form of 'profesor' which means a female professor. This term is often used in informal contexts and conveys familiarity or affecti…
Projektować / zaprojektować
VERB
to design
Projektować is used to refer to the process of designing or planning something, typically in contexts such as engineering, architecture, or creative fields.
proponować / zaproponować
VERB
to propose
The imperfective aspect describes the ongoing action of proposing an idea. The perfective aspect is used to indicate that a proposal has been made.
prosić / poprosić
VERB
to ask/request
Use the imperfective for ongoing requests, and the perfective for completed requests.
prowadzić / poprowadzić
VERB
to lead
The imperfective aspect indicates ongoing or habitual leading. The perfective aspect is for completed leading.
przed
PREP
before / in front of
The preposition 'przed' is used to indicate a position in front of something or an action occurring before another in time. It typically governs the accusative…
przedstawiać / przedstawić
VERB
to present
Use the imperfective to describe an ongoing action of presenting something. Use the perfective for completed actions of presenting.
przegrywać / przegrać
VERB
to lose (a game)
Use the imperfective aspect to express the ongoing process of losing or frequently losing. The perfective aspect indicates the event of having lost.
przekonywać / przekonać
VERB
to convince
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the process of convincing. Use the perfective aspect when the action of convincing has been completed.
przekładać / przełożyć
VERB
to postpone, to transfer
The verb 'przełożyć' is commonly used in Polish to refer to rescheduling an event or transferring something from one place to another. It is often used in cont…
przepraszać / przeprosić
VERB
to apologize
Use the imperfective for ongoing apologies, and the perfective for completed apologies.
przeprowadzać / przeprowadzić
VERB
to conduct
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing process of conduction. Use the perfective aspect to refer to the completed act of conducting.
przeprowadzać się / Przeprowadzić się
VERB
to move (to a different place)
This verb is used to indicate the act of moving from one place to another, typically implying a change of residence.
przepytywać / przepytać
VERB
to interrogate
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
przeszkadzać / przeszkodzić
VERB
to disturb
Imperfective is used to indicate ongoing disturbances, while perfective relates to completed disturbances.
przeważnie
ADV
mostly / generally / for the most part
Adverb meaning 'in most cases'. Slightly stronger than 'zwykle'. Implies something is true most of the time. 'Przeważnie gotuje w domu' = She mostly cooks at h…
przewidywać / przewidzieć
VERB
to predict
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing process of predicting. Use the perfective aspect to indicate that a prediction has been made successfully.
przewodniczka
NOUN
female tour guide
Feminine form of 'przewodnik'. Refers to a female tour guide. Jestem przewodniczką.
przewodnik
NOUN
guide / tour guide
Refers to a male tour guide or guide. Also means 'guidebook'. In the context of a person: Jestem przewodnikiem.
przez
PREP
through / by / for (duration)
Always takes Accusative. Means 'through' in space (przez park = through the park), 'for' in duration (przez dwie godziny = for two hours), or 'because of' (prz…
przy
PREP
by / near / while
Always takes Locative. Means physical proximity (przy oknie = by the window) or simultaneous action (przy jedzeniu = while eating).
przychodzić / przyjść
VERB
to come
The verb 'przyjść' is used to indicate the action of coming or arriving at a place. It is often used in contexts related to personal visits or approaching some…
przygoda
NOUN
adventure
Przygoda is commonly used to describe an exciting or unusual experience, often in the context of travel or exploration.
przygotowywać / Przygotować
VERB
to prepare
The verb 'przygotować' is used to indicate the action of preparing something, typically food, plans, or tasks. It is a perfective verb meaning that it denotes …
przyjaciel
NOUN
friend
The word 'przyjaciel' refers to a male friend. It is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts to describe a close friend or companion. In Polish, it …
przyjaciółka
NOUN
female friend
The word 'przyjaciółka' is the feminine form of 'przyjaciel', which means 'friend'. It is commonly used in everyday conversation when referring to a female fri…
przyjmować / przyjąć
VERB
to accept, to receive
Use the imperfective aspect (przyjmować) for ongoing or repeated acceptance. Use the perfective aspect (przyjąć) when referring to a completed acceptance.
przytulać / przytulić
VERB
to hug
Imperfective is for repeated actions or ongoing processes. Perfective is used when the action is completed.
próbować / spróbować
VERB
to try
Use the imperfective aspect for attempting tasks over time or repeatedly. Use the perfective aspect for one-time or completed attempts.
ptyś
NOUN
cream puff (choux pastry)
The word 'ptyś' is a noun that means 'cream puff' and is used in the context of discussing pastries or desserts. It does not require specific grammatical cases…
pytać / zapytać
VERB
to ask
Use imperfective for ongoing or habitual actions. Use perfective for a completed action.
później
ADV
later / afterwards
Adverb of time/sequence. Comparative of 'późno'. Indicates something happens after another event or at a later point. 'Zadzwonię do ciebie później' = I'll call…
późno
ADV
late
Adverb of time. Opposite of 'wcześnie'. 'Wracam późno do domu' = I come home late. Comparative: 'później' (later). Also: 'za późno' = too late.
Płacić / zapłacić
VERB
to pay
The verb 'płacić' is commonly used to refer to the act of giving money in exchange for goods or services. It is used in everyday conversations, especially in c…
płakać / zapłakać
VERB
to cry
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate the action of crying happening over time. Use the perfective aspect when the act of crying is done.
płynąć / popłynąć
VERB
to flow/to sail
Use the imperfective to describe the act of flowing that is not completed. Use the perfective to describe the act of starting to flow or sailing away.
pływać / pływać
VERB
to swim
Use the imperfective aspect when describing the action of swimming in a general or habitual sense. There is no separate perfective form in this case as it is a…
radzić / poradzić
VERB
to recommend
Use the imperfective for ongoing recommendations or advice. Use the perfective for specific instances of giving recommendations that have been completed.
radzić sobie / poradzić sobie
VERB
to cope
Use the imperfective aspect to refer to the process of coping. Use the perfective aspect when the coping has been successfully completed.
ratować / uratować
VERB
to save
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the continuous action of saving or rescuing someone or something. Use the perfective aspect when indicating that …
reagować / zareagować
VERB
to react
Use the imperfective aspect (reagować) when discussing the process of reacting or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect (zareagować) to denote a complete…
recepcjonista
NOUN
receptionist
Refers to a male receptionist, typically at a hotel, clinic, or office. Jestem recepcjonistą.
recepcjonistka
NOUN
female receptionist
Refers to a female receptionist. Feminine counterpart of 'recepcjonista'. Jestem recepcjonistką.
rekonstruować / zrekonstruować
VERB
to reconstruct
The verb 'zrekonstruować' is used in contexts where something, often a structure or concept, is being rebuilt or restored from earlier forms or data. It is a p…
Reżyser
NOUN
director
The word 'reżyser' refers to a person who directs films, plays, or other performances. It can be used in various contexts related to the arts and entertainment…
Reżyser
NOUN
director
The word 'reżyser' refers to a person who directs films, plays, or other performances. It can be used in various contexts related to the arts and entertainment…
Reżyser
NOUN
director
The word 'reżyser' refers to a person who directs films, plays, or other performances. It can be used in various contexts related to the arts and entertainment…
Reżyserka
NOUN
director (female)
The word 'reżyserka' refers to a female director in Polish. It is used to denote a woman who directs films, theater, or other productions, distinguishing from …
Reżyserka
NOUN
director (female)
The word 'reżyserka' refers specifically to a female film or theater director. It is the feminine form of the masculine noun 'reżyser', which can refer to any …
Reżyserka
NOUN
female director
The noun 'reżyserka' is the feminine form of 'reżyser', which means 'director' in Polish. It is used to refer specifically to a female who directs films, plays…
robić / zrobić
VERB
to do/make
Use imperfective for regular, ongoing actions. Use perfective for actions that are completed.
rok
NOUN
year
'Rok' means 'year' in Polish and is used to describe a duration of time equal to 365 days, or 366 in a leap year. It can be used in various contexts, such as d…
rolniczka
NOUN
female farmer
Feminine form of 'rolnik'. Refers to a female farmer. Jestem rolniczką.
rolnik
NOUN
farmer
Refers to a male farmer. Common in rural and agricultural contexts. Jestem rolnikiem.
rosnąć / urosnąć
VERB
to grow
Use the imperfective to talk about the ongoing process of growth. Use the perfective to indicate the completion of growth.
rozmawiać / porozmawiać
VERB
to talk
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate an ongoing or repeated action, and the perfective aspect for a completed action. For example, one would use 'rozmawiać'…
rozpoznawać / rozpoznać
VERB
to recognize
Use the imperfective aspect (rozpoznawać) for ongoing or habitual recognition. Use the perfective aspect (rozpoznać) for a completed act of recognition.
roztaczać się / roztoczyć się
VERB
to spread out
The verb 'roztaczać się' is used to describe the act of spreading or extending over an area. It can be applied to both physical and abstract concepts.
rozwijać / rozwinąć
VERB
to develop
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about ongoing developments. The perfective aspect signifies the completion of a development.
rozwiązywać / rozwiązać
VERB
to solve
The imperfective aspect describes the ongoing process of solving a problem. The perfective is used to indicate that the problem has been solved.
ruch
NOUN
movement
The word 'ruch' refers to the act or process of moving or changing position. It is often used in contexts related to physics, transportation, or general activi…
ryba
NOUN
fish
Although 'ryba' means 'fish' and is primarily a noun, at B1 level we can explore its usage in different contexts. For example, it can appear in compound phrase…
rysować / narysować
VERB
to draw
Use the imperfective aspect to describe ongoing or repeated actions. The perfective aspect is used for completed actions.
ryzykować / zaryzykować
VERB
to risk
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing the action of risking over time or describing it as habitual. Use the perfective aspect when indicating that a spec…
rzadko
ADV
rarely / seldom
Adverb of low frequency. Opposite of 'często'. Use with imperfective verbs. 'Rzadko chodzę do kina' = I rarely go to the cinema.
rzucać / rzucić
VERB
to throw
Use the imperfective for repeated actions of throwing and the perfective for a single completed throw.
Rząd
NOUN
Government
The word 'rząd' refers to the governing body in a political system. It is commonly used in discussions about politics and governance.
różnica
NOUN
difference
The word 'różnica' is used to indicate a distinction or variation between two or more subjects or things. It is commonly used in both formal and informal conte…
różnica
NOUN
difference
The word 'różnica' is used to indicate a distinction or variation between two or more subjects or things. It is commonly used in both formal and informal conte…
Sama
ADJ
Alone/Same (feminine form)
The word 'sama' is used to refer to a feminine singular subject that is alone or on its own. It can also imply sameness in certain contexts.
samodzielnie
ADV
independently / on one's own
Manner adverb indicating doing something without help. 'Zrobiłem to samodzielnie' = I did it on my own/independently. Valued in education and professional cont…
sałatka
NOUN
salad
The word 'sałatka' refers to a dish typically composed of a mixture of various ingredients, commonly vegetables. It is often served cold and can be a side dish…
scenariusz
NOUN
scenario
The word 'scenariusz' refers to a written outline or script of a story, often used in film, theater, or other narrative forms. It is commonly used to discuss p…
sekretarka
NOUN
female secretary
Refers to a female secretary or administrative assistant. Feminine counterpart of 'sekretarz'. Jestem sekretarką.
sekretarz
NOUN
secretary
Refers to a male secretary or administrative officer. Also used for political positions (e.g. sekretarz generalny). Jestem sekretarzem.
sen
NOUN
dream
The word 'sen' means 'dream' and is commonly used in various expressions relating to dreaming or sleep.
siedzieć / usiąść
VERB
to sit
The imperfective is used for ongoing or repeated sitting actions. The perfective denotes the action of sitting down as completed.
sister
NOUN
sister
The Polish word 'siostra' refers to a female sibling. It is commonly used in familial contexts, and like other nouns in Polish, it changes form based on gramma…
skakać / skoczyć
VERB
to jump
Use the imperfective to refer to the ongoing or repeated act of jumping. The perfective is for completed jumps.
smalec
NOUN
lard
The word 'smalec' refers to lard and is used primarily in culinary contexts. It is typically used in the singular and can be a subject or object in a sentence.…
smażyć / usmażyć
VERB
to fry
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
smutna
ADJ
sad
The word 'smutna' is used to describe a female subject that is sad or unhappy. It is typically used in sentences when referring to emotions or feelings.
smycz
NOUN
leash
The word 'smycz' is used to refer to a leash, typically for walking dogs. It is commonly used in everyday language when discussing pet care and outdoor activit…
spacerować / pospacerować
VERB
to walk
Imperfective form describes ongoing walking, while perfective indicates a completed walk.
spadać / spaść
VERB
to fall
Use the imperfective to describe an ongoing process of falling. The perfective indicates that the action of falling has occurred.
spać / zasnąć
VERB
to sleep
Use imperfective for describing the act of sleeping in general or often. Use perfective for the act of falling asleep.
spełniać / spełnić
VERB
to fulfill
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
spieszyć się / spieszyć się
VERB
to hurry
The imperfective aspect indicates the ongoing process of hurrying. The perfective emphasizes the completion of the hurrying.
spokojnie
ADV
calmly / peacefully / take it easy
Manner adverb. 'Spokojnie mówił' = He spoke calmly. Also used as a reassuring command: 'Spokojnie!' = Calm down! / Take it easy! Very common in everyday conver…
spokojny
ADJ
calm
The word 'spokojny' is used to describe a person or situation that is calm and peaceful. It can also describe a quiet environment or demeanor.
sprawdzać / sprawdzić
VERB
to check
Use the imperfective aspect to describe checking that is ongoing or repeated. The perfective aspect describes the act of completing the check.
sprzedawać / sprzedać
VERB
to sell
Use the imperfective for ongoing sales processes, and the perfective for completed sales.
sprzedawca
NOUN
salesperson / seller
Refers to a male salesperson or shopkeeper. Very common in retail contexts. Jestem sprzedawcą.
sprzedawczyni
NOUN
female salesperson
Refers to a female salesperson or shopkeeper. Feminine counterpart of 'sprzedawca'. Jestem sprzedawczynią.
sprzątacz
NOUN
cleaner
Refers to a male cleaner or janitor. Common in offices, schools, and public buildings. Jestem sprzątaczem.
sprzątaczka
NOUN
female cleaner
Feminine form of 'sprzątacz'. Refers to a female cleaner. Very common in everyday Polish. Jestem sprzątaczką.
sprzątać / posprzątać
VERB
to clean
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing cleaning or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect for completed cleaning actions.
spóźniać się / spóźnić się
VERB
to be late
Use the imperfective aspect to refer to the ongoing state of being late or the act of regularly being late. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a completed a…
spędzać / spędzić
VERB
to spend
The verb 'spędzić' is used to describe the act of spending time or a period, commonly in the context of activities or experiences.
starannie
ADV
carefully / thoroughly / neatly
Manner adverb emphasizing thoroughness and care in performing an action. 'Starannie napisała list' = She wrote the letter carefully. More formal than 'ostrożni…
stary
ADJ
old
In Polish, "stary" is used as an adjective meaning "old" and must agree in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies. It can be used in various contex…
stać / stanąć
VERB
to stand
The imperfective suggests a state or process of standing, while the perfective refers to the action of coming to a standstill.
stolik
NOUN
small table
The word 'stolik' is used to refer to a small or side table. It is commonly found in contexts related to furniture, such as cafes or living rooms.
strażaczka
NOUN
female firefighter
The word 'strażaczka' refers specifically to a female firefighter. It is the feminine form of 'strażak', the general term for firefighter.
strażak
NOUN
firefighter
The word 'strażak' refers to a male firefighter. It is commonly used in Poland when talking about the profession of firefighting. The feminine counterpart is '…
strona
NOUN
page
The word 'strona' refers to a side, page, or aspect of something. It is commonly used in contexts such as books, websites, or arguments.
strzelać / strzelić
VERB
to shoot
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to an action that happens repeatedly or continuously. The perfective aspect is used for actions that are completed o…
strzyc / ostrzyc
VERB
to shear
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing shearing processes. Use the perfective aspect for completed shearing.
strzyżenie
NOUN
shearing
'Strzyżenie' refers to the act of cutting hair or fleece, often used in contexts related to grooming animals or haircuts.
student
NOUN
student
The word 'student' refers to a person who is enrolled in an educational institution. It is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts when discussing e…
studentka
NOUN
female student
Use 'studentka' to refer to a female student enrolled in an educational institution. In Polish, 'student' is masculine and 'studentka' is feminine. Use with th…
studiować / studiować
VERB
to study
Both aspects are used as the verb is biaspectual. Imperfective indicates studying as an ongoing action, while perfective also indicates completing the study.
stąd
ADV
from here / hence
The adverb 'stąd' is used to indicate a location or origin, meaning 'from here' or 'hence'. It can be used independently, and does not govern any specific gram…
suchy
ADJ
dry
The adjective 'suchy' is used to describe something that is devoid of moisture. It is commonly used in various contexts, such as weather descriptions or when t…
syn
NOUN
son
The word 'syn' is used to refer to a male child, commonly used in family contexts. It forms a gender pair with 'córka', which means daughter. In Polish, nouns …
sytuację
NOUN
situation
The word 'sytuację' is the accusative singular form of the noun 'sytuacja,' which refers to a particular state or condition in which someone or something exist…
sytuację
NOUN
situation
The word 'sytuację' is the accusative singular form of the noun 'sytuacja,' which refers to a particular state or condition in which someone or something exist…
szanować / uszanować
VERB
to respect
Use the imperfective aspect when talking about the continuous act of respecting someone or something. Use the perfective aspect when discussing the completion …
Szczotka
NOUN
Brush
The word 'szczotka' refers to a brush, commonly used for grooming, cleaning, or painting. It is a feminine noun, and its use typically highlights the tool's fu…
szczyt
NOUN
peak
The word 'szczyt' is used in various contexts, often referring to the top of a mountain or the highest point of a situation.
szczęśliwy
ADJ
happy
The word 'szczęśliwy' is used to describe a state of happiness. It can be used to refer to people, objects, or situations that convey joy or contentment.
szef
NOUN
boss
The word 'szef' is used to refer to a person who is in charge of a team or organization. It is commonly used in business and workplace contexts.
szefowa
NOUN
female boss
Use 'szefowa' to refer to a female boss or person in charge. It is the feminine form of 'szef'. Commonly used in informal and business contexts. Use with instr…
szkodzić / zaszkodzić
VERB
to harm
Use the imperfective to indicate a continuous state of harming. Use the perfective to show that harm has been done.
szminka
NOUN
lipstick
The word 'szminka' is used to refer to a cosmetic product applied to the lips for color or protection. It is commonly used in beauty and makeup contexts.
szukać / poszukać
VERB
to look for
Use the imperfective for ongoing searches, and the perfective for completed searches.
szybki
ADJ
fast
The word 'szybki' is used to describe something that has a high speed. It can be used in various contexts such as describing objects, people, or actions.
szybko
ADV
quickly / fast
Manner adverb. Modifies verbs to indicate speed of action. 'Mówisz za szybko' = You speak too fast. Comparative: 'szybciej'. Opposite: 'wolno' (slowly).
szykować / szykować
VERB
to prepare
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions of preparing. As it is biaspectual, both aspects refer to similar actions.
Sól
NOUN
Salt
The word 'sól' is a feminine noun used to refer to the mineral substance commonly used as a seasoning or preserving agent. It's often used in cooking and food …
słaby
ADJ
weak
The adjective 'słaby' is used to describe someone or something that lacks strength or is not strong. It can be used in various contexts, such as physical stren…
słuchać / posłuchać
VERB
to listen
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing listening or listening as a habit. Use the perfective to indicate that one has completed the act of listening.
służyć / służyć - służyć
VERB
to serve
The verb 'służyć' is used to express serving, aiding, or being of use to someone. It is commonly used in contexts of assistance or service.
służąca
NOUN
female servant
The word 'służąca' is used to refer to a female servant. It is often used in historical contexts or in discussions about domestic help.
służący
NOUN
servant
The word 'służący' refers to a male servant or attendant in Polish. It is often used in contexts relating to domestic work or historical settings where servant…
słyszeć / usłyszeć
VERB
to hear
Use the imperfective to signify ongoing hearing. The perfective implies that the hearing has been completed.
taki
ADJ
such
Used to describe or specify a kind or type of something. Can take different forms based on gender and number.
taką
ADJ
such (feminine accusative sing.)
The word 'taką' is used to indicate a specific type or nature of something in the feminine gender in the accusative case. It is commonly used in phrases to cla…
talerz
NOUN
plate
The word 'talerz' means 'plate' and is a noun used to describe a dish for serving food. It is masculine and typically follows standard rules of declension depe…
tam
ADV
there
Adverb of place indicating a location away from the speaker. Opposite of 'tu/tutaj'. 'Tam jest sklep' = There is a shop over there. 'Jedź tam' = Go there.
tamta
PRON
that one (feminine)
The word 'tamta' is used to refer to a specific female object or person that is not close to the speaker. It is often used in contexts where the distance from …
Tamten
PRON
that one (masculine)
The pronoun 'tamten' is used to refer to a specific object or person that is farther away from both the speaker and the listener. It can denote something menti…
tamto
PRON
that (over there)
The word 'tamto' is used as a demonstrative pronoun in Polish to refer to an object or item that is at a distance from the speaker. It is often used to point o…
tamtąd
ADV
from there
Adverb of origin indicating movement from a place away from the speaker. 'Wróciłem tamtąd zmęczony' = I came back from there tired. Less common than 'stąd' in …
Tata
NOUN
Dad
The word 'tata' is an informal term for father used commonly in family settings. It can be used affectionately by children when referring to their dad.
tańczyć / zatańczyć
VERB
to dance
Use imperfective to refer to the action of dancing regularly or repeatedly. Use perfective for the action of completing a dance.
telefon
NOUN
telephone
The word 'telefon' is used to refer to a device that allows for communication by transmitting sound. It can be used in various contexts, such as making calls o…
teraz
ADV
now / at the moment
Adverb of time indicating the present moment. Often used with present tense verbs. 'Co robisz teraz?' = What are you doing now?
termin
NOUN
deadline; due date; appointment; term
The word 'termin' is used to refer to deadlines, due dates, or appointments in Polish. It's important to remember that 'termin' is masculine and takes the accu…
to znaczy
CONJ
that means / that is to say
Explanatory phrase used to clarify or rephrase. Similar to 'czyli' but more conversational. Often abbreviated as 'tzn.' in writing. 'To znaczy, że…' = That mea…
tory
NOUN
railway tracks
The term 'tory' refers specifically to the tracks used for trains. It is mainly used in contexts discussing rail transport and infrastructure.
tracić / stracić
VERB
to lose
Use the imperfective aspect when describing an ongoing or habitual loss. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a completed act of losing.
trochę
ADV
a little / a bit / some
Adverb of degree meaning 'a little'. Can modify verbs (trochę rozumiem = I understand a little) or precede Genitive nouns (trochę czasu = a little time, trochę…
trudno
ADV
with difficulty / it is difficult
Manner adverb and impersonal expression. 'Trudno mi to zrozumieć' = It's hard for me to understand this. 'Trudno powiedzieć' = Hard to say / It's difficult to …
truskawkowy
ADJ
strawberry (adjective), strawberry-flavored
The adjective 'truskawkowy' is used to describe things that have the flavor or color of strawberries. It agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies,…
Truskawska
ADJ
of Truskaw (adjectival)
The term 'Truskawska' is used as an adjectival noun to describe something belonging to or related to Truskaw. It does not govern any specific grammatical case,…
trzymać / trzymać
VERB
to hold
When used in imperfective aspect, it indicates a continuous or repeated action of holding. As a perfective verb, it indicates the attainment of holding somethi…
tu
ADV
here
Adverb of place indicating the speaker's location. Short form; 'tutaj' is the fuller equivalent. 'Tu mieszkam' = I live here. 'Chodź tu!' = Come here!
tunel
NOUN
tunnel
The word 'tunel' is used to describe an underground passage or structure. It is commonly used in the context of transportation and construction.
tutaj
ADV
here (fuller form)
Full form of 'tu'. Both are interchangeable. 'Tutaj jest dobrze' = It's nice here. Slightly more emphatic than 'tu'. Common in both speech and writing.
tworzyć / stworzyć
VERB
to create
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing creation processes. Use the perfective aspect when the creation is complete.
Ty
PRON
You
The word 'Ty' is the second person singular personal pronoun in Polish. It is used informally to address someone directly, typically in familiar or friendly co…
tłuczone
ADJ
mashed
The word "tłuczone" is used in culinary contexts to describe foods that have been mashed, such as potatoes. It is commonly used in Polish cuisine.
tłumacz
NOUN
translator / interpreter
Refers to a male translator or interpreter. Used in both written translation and oral interpreting contexts. Jestem tłumaczem.
tłumaczka
NOUN
female translator / interpreter
Feminine form of 'tłumacz'. Refers to a female translator or interpreter. Jestem tłumaczką.
tłumaczyć / przetłumaczyć
VERB
to translate
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing or habitual translation, while perfective indicates a completed translation task.
u
PREP
at someone's place / by
Always takes Genitive. Used to indicate being at someone's home or premises (u mamy = at mom's place, u lekarza = at the doctor's).
ubierać się / ubrać się
VERB
to get dressed
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
ubolewać / ubolewać
VERB
to mourn
Both aspects are the same due to being biaspectual. Use it for expressing mourning or lamentation.
uczyć / nauczyć
VERB
to teach
The verb 'uczyć' is used to indicate the action of teaching or training someone in a particular skill or subject. It can also be used in a reflexive form to me…
uczyć się / nauczyć się
VERB
to learn
Use the imperfective for ongoing learning processes, and the perfective for completed learning tasks.
uderzać / uderzyć
VERB
to hit
The imperfective form stresses the action of hitting as ongoing. The perfective form is used for a single, completed hit.
udowadniać / udowodnić
VERB
to prove
The imperfective aspect is used when referring to the process of proving something. The perfective aspect is used when proof has been established.
umawiać się / umówić się
VERB
to arrange (a meeting)
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate the ongoing process of making arrangements. Use the perfective aspect to talk about the successful completion of arrang…
umierać / umrzeć
VERB
to die
The imperfective form is used for actions that occur over time or repeatedly, while the perfective form is for actions that are completed.
umieć / umieć
VERB
to be able
Use imperfective when the ability is ongoing or general. Use perfective to indicate the completion of acquiring the ability.
upominać / upomnieć
VERB
to remind
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the action of reminding itself or when the action is ongoing or repeated. Use the perfective aspect when the acti…
uprawiać / uprawić
VERB
to cultivate
The imperfective aspect describes the ongoing action of cultivating. The perfective aspect emphasizes the completion of the cultivation process.
urzędniczka
NOUN
female clerk / official
Feminine form of 'urzędnik'. Refers to a female clerk or civil servant. Jestem urzędniczką.
urzędnik
NOUN
clerk / official
Refers to a male clerk or civil servant. Common in office and government contexts. Jestem urzędnikiem.
usuwać / usunąć
VERB
to delete/remove
The verb 'usunąć' is used when referring to the action of deleting or removing something, whether it's digital data or physical objects. It can appear in vario…
utrzymywać / utrzymać
VERB
to maintain
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate the ongoing process of maintenance. Use the perfective aspect to show the accomplishment of maintaining something.
uznawać / uznać
VERB
to acknowledge
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing actions or situations. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a completed action.
uzupełniać / uzupełnić
VERB
to complete
The verb 'uzupełnić' is used to indicate the action of completing or filling something in. It often applies when you need to finalize information, such as fill…
uśmiechać się / uśmiechnąć się
VERB
to smile
Use the imperfective aspect to indicate an ongoing or repeated action. The perfective aspect emphasizes the completion of the smiling.
używać / użyć
VERB
to use
Imperfective form suggests usage over time, while the perfective indicates the action reached completion.
w
PREP
in / into
Takes Locative for location (w domu = at home) and Accusative for movement/time (w góry = into the mountains, w środę = on Wednesday).
w
PREP
in, at, on
The preposition 'w' is used to indicate being inside or within a certain place or time. It is commonly used with spatial and temporal references.
w ciągu
PREP
within / during / in the course of
Always takes Genitive. Indicates something happens within a time period (w ciągu dnia = during the day, w ciągu roku = within a year).
w czasie
PREP
during / at the time of
Always takes Genitive. Similar to 'podczas'. Used for events occurring during a period (w czasie wojny = during the war, w czasie lekcji = during the lesson).
w końcu
ADV
finally / in the end / after all
Adverbial phrase. Similar to 'wreszcie' but can also mean 'in the end' as a summary. 'W końcu się zdecydowałam' = In the end I made up my mind.
waga
NOUN
weight
The word 'waga' is used to refer to weight or importance in a physical or metaphorical sense. It can be used in both literal contexts, such as weighing objects…
walczyć / zawalczyć
VERB
to fight
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
warunki
NOUN
conditions
The word 'warunki' is used to refer to conditions or circumstances typically in legal, environmental, or agreement contexts. It is often used in plural form to…
waśki
ADJ
narrow
The word 'waśki' is used to describe something that is narrow or slim. It can be used for both physical objects and abstract concepts.
wbrew
PREP
against / contrary to / despite
Always takes Dative. Means acting contrary to expectations or wishes (wbrew zasadom = against the rules, wbrew wszystkiemu = against all odds).
wchodzić / wejść
VERB
to enter
Use the imperfective for ongoing entering actions, and the perfective for completed entering actions.
wcześnie
ADV
early
Adverb of time. Opposite of 'późno'. 'Wstaję wcześnie rano' = I get up early in the morning. Comparative: 'wcześniej' (earlier).
wczoraj
ADV
yesterday
Adverb referring to the day before today. Always used with past tense verbs. 'Wczoraj byłem w kinie' = Yesterday I was at the cinema.
według
PREP
according to / in accordance with
The preposition 'według' is used to express the idea of 'according to' or 'in accordance with'. It is typically followed by a noun in the genitive case. Use it…
wewnątrz
PREP
inside / within
Preposition 'wewnątrz' is used to indicate something that is inside or within a certain space or object. It is often followed by the Genitive case when specify…
wiadomość
NOUN
message
The word 'wiadomość' is used to refer to a piece of information or news. It is commonly used in both spoken and written Polish to describe messages in various …
widzieć / zobaczyć
VERB
to see
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to seeing something that is ongoing or habitual. Use the perfective when talking about completing the act of seeing.
wieczór
NOUN
evening
The word 'wieczór' refers to the time of day between late afternoon and night. It is commonly used in greetings or discussions about plans for the evening.
wiedzieć / dowiedzieć się
VERB
to know
Use imperfective for general or ongoing knowledge. Use perfective to indicate knowledge acquired after a specific event.
Wielki
ADJ
great
The word 'wielki' is used to describe something significant or large in size. It can refer to both physical dimensions and metaphorical meanings, such as great…
wierzyć / uwierzyć
VERB
to believe
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing a continual state of belief. Use the perfective aspect when addressing the moment of coming to believe something.
wiązać / związać
VERB
to tie
Imperfective suggests ongoing tying, while perfective indicates the act of tying is completed.
więc
CONJ
so / therefore
Coordinating conjunction of result/consequence. Links cause and effect. Extremely common in spoken and written Polish (Byłem zmęczony, więc poszedłem spać = I …
Większość
NOUN
majority
The word 'większość' is used to refer to the greater part of a number of people or things. It is often used in contexts involving voting, decision-making, or g…
wkrótce
ADV
soon / shortly
Adverb indicating something will happen in the near future. 'Wkrótce zobaczymy się' = We'll see each other soon. Similar to 'niedługo'. Slightly more formal.
wkładać / włożyć
VERB
put in, insert
The verb 'włóż' is used to describe the action of placing something into something else, such as inserting a key into a lock or putting food into a container.
wobec
PREP
toward / in relation to / in the face of
Always takes Genitive. Expresses attitude or relationship toward someone (wobec przyjaciela = toward a friend, wobec trudności = in the face of difficulties).
wokół
PREP
around / surrounding
The preposition 'wokół' is used to indicate the idea of being around or surrounding a person or object. It requires the Genitive case for the noun that follows…
Wola
NOUN
Will
The word 'Wola' refers to a person's will or desire. It is often used in contexts discussing intentions or preferences.
Wolać / Woleć
VERB
to prefer
Wolać is used to express a preference for one thing over another. It is often used in sentences where choices are being made.
Wolna
ADJ
Free
The word 'wolna' is used to describe something that is free or not restricted. It's typically used for feminine nouns in the nominative case.
wolno
ADV
slowly / it is allowed
Two meanings: (1) manner adverb 'slowly' (mów wolno = speak slowly), opposite of 'szybko'. (2) Impersonal expression meaning 'it is permitted/allowed' (wolno c…
wprowadzać / wprowadzić
VERB
to introduce
Use the imperfective for actions of introducing that are not yet complete. Use the perfective for actions that have already been completed.
wracać / wrócić
VERB
to return
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing the act of returning as an ongoing or repeated action. Use the perfective aspect when focusing on the completion of…
wreszcie
ADV
finally / at last
Adverb expressing relief that something long-awaited has happened. Synonym of 'w końcu'. 'Wreszcie skończyłem!' = I finally finished! Has a strong emotional co…
wrzeszczeć / wrzeszczeć
VERB
to scream
As a biaspectual verb, it can be used when discussing ongoing or completed actions. Use it to describe the act itself, regardless of its aspect.
wsi
NOUN
of the village
'Wsi' is the genitive singular form of 'wieś', which means 'village' in English. It is used to denote possession or association with the village.
wspominać / wspomnieć
VERB
to mention, to recall
Use the imperfective aspect (wspominać) when talking about a continuous or repeated mention. Use the perfective aspect (wspomnieć) for a singular and completed…
wspomnienie
NOUN
memory
The word 'wspomnienie' refers to a memory or recollection of past events. It is often used when someone reflects on experiences or events they remember.
wszędzie
ADV
everywhere
Adverb of place indicating all locations. 'Szukałam jej wszędzie' = I looked for her everywhere. 'Wszędzie dobrze, ale w domu najlepiej' = Everywhere is fine b…
wtedy
ADV
then
The word 'wtedy' is used to refer to a specific time in the past or future, often in storytelling or when discussing events that occurred at a certain moment.
wybaczać / wybaczyć
VERB
to forgive
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
wybiegać / wybiec
VERB
to run out, to run away
This verb describes the action of running away or extending the duration of running. It is often used in contexts related to sports or physical activity.
wybierać / wybrać
VERB
to choose
Use the imperfective for actions of choosing happening over time. The perfective reveals the moment when the choosing is completed.
wychodzić / wyjść
VERB
to go out
Use the imperfective aspect to describe ongoing or habitual actions. Use the perfective aspect to describe completed actions.
wycieczka
NOUN
excursion
The word 'wycieczka' refers to a trip or excursion, often used in the context of travel or educational outings. It is commonly used when discussing planned tri…
wycieczkę
NOUN
the trip
The word 'wycieczkę' is the accusative singular form of 'wycieczka', which means 'trip' or 'excursion'. It is commonly used to refer to a journey or outing, of…
wyciągać / wyciągnąć
VERB
to extract
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing extraction processes. The perfective aspect indicates a completed extraction.
wydawać / wydać
VERB
to issue
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing or repeated action, while the perfective aspect refers to a completed action.
wygrywać / wygrać
VERB
to win
Use the imperfective aspect when discussing an ongoing competition. Use the perfective aspect when the result of the competition has been determined.
wyjaśniać / wyjaśnić
VERB
to explain
Use the imperfective to describe ongoing explanations. The perfective indicates that the explanation is completed.
wyjeżdżać / wyjechać
VERB
to leave
Use the imperfective form for ongoing or habitual leaving. The perfective shows that the act of leaving is completed.
wyklejamy / wykleić
VERB
we are sticking
The word 'wyklejamy' is the first person plural present form of the verb 'wyklejać', which means to stick or paste something. It is used to describe the action…
wykonywać / wykonać
VERB
to perform
The imperfective aspect is used when describing the act of performing as ongoing, while the perfective aspect indicates that the performance has been completed.
wymagać / wymagać
VERB
to require
Use the imperfective aspect when describing ongoing or repeated actions. The perfective aspect is used for actions that are completed or viewed as a whole.
wymawiać / wymówić
VERB
to pronounce
The imperfective aspect is used for describing the ongoing action of pronouncing. The perfective aspect indicates that the pronunciation has been completed.
wymyślać / wymyślić
VERB
to invent
Use the imperfective for actions that are in progress or repeated. The perfective denotes an action that has been completed.
wynosić / wynieść
VERB
to carry out
The imperfective form is used for actions that occur regularly, while the perfective form indicates the action as complete.
wyobrażać sobie / wyobrazić sobie
VERB
to imagine
The imperfective describes the ongoing process of imagining. The perfective denotes a completed act of imagination.
wyrażać / wyrazić
VERB
to express
The imperfective aspect is for ongoing expressions, while the perfective denotes the action that has been completed.
wyruszać / wyruszyć
VERB
to set out, to depart
Use the imperfective aspect when emphasizing the action of departing as ongoing or habitual. Use the perfective aspect when focusing on the completion of the d…
wysoki
ADJ
tall
The word 'wysoki' is used to describe something that has a considerable height. It can refer to people, objects, or concepts that are physically tall or elevat…
wytrzymywać / wytrzymać
VERB
to endure
The imperfective aspect is for ongoing actions, while the perfective indicates an action that has reached its conclusion.
wytwarza / wytworzyć
VERB
produces
The verb 'wytwarzać' is used to describe the act of producing or generating something, often in a manufacturing or creative context.
wyzmieniać / wyzmienić
VERB
to change (something)
Wyzmienić is used when referring to changing an item or aspect of something, implying a complete change or transformation. It is often used in contexts involvi…
wzmacniać / wzmocnić
VERB
to strengthen
The imperfective aspect is used for actions of strengthening that are ongoing or repeated. The perfective aspect is used when the strengthening action is compl…
wąchać / powąchać
VERB
to sniff
Use the imperfective for ongoing sniffing actions, and the perfective for completed sniffing actions.
wątpić / zwątpić
VERB
to doubt
The imperfective aspect is used for ongoing doubts, while the perfective aspect refers to the moment doubt is fully realized.
Węgry
NOUN
Hungary
Węgry is the name of a country and is used in both formal and informal contexts to refer to Hungary. It is important to use the correct case depending on the g…
z
PREP
with / from / out of
Takes Genitive when meaning 'from' or 'out of' (z Polski = from Poland). Takes Instrumental when meaning 'together with' (z przyjacielem = with a friend).
z powodu
PREP
because of / due to
Always takes Genitive. Used for negative causes or reasons (z powodu choroby = because of illness, z powodu złej pogody = due to bad weather). For positive cau…
za
PREP
behind / in (time) / for
Takes Instrumental for location behind something (za domem = behind the house). Takes Accusative for time in the future (za godzinę = in an hour) or in exchang…
zabytek
NOUN
monument
The word 'zabytek' is used to refer to historically or architecturally significant objects, structures, or sites. It is commonly used in discussions about hist…
zaczynać / zacząć
VERB
to start
Use the imperfective for ongoing starts, and the perfective for completed starts.
zajmować / zająć
VERB
to take, to occupy
Zająć is used when referring to the act of taking or occupying something, often in the context of time or space. It is the perfective aspect of the verb, indic…
zajmować się / zająć się
VERB
to take care of
The phrase 'zająć się' is used when indicating that someone will take responsibility for or will engage in a certain activity. It is often used in contexts rel…
zajęcie
NOUN
occupation
The term 'zajęcie' is commonly used to refer to an activity, job, or occupation. It can describe how someone spends their time or a specific job they hold.
zakochiwać się / zakochać się
VERB
to fall in love
The imperfective aspect is used to describe the ongoing process of falling in love. The perfective indicates the completion of that process.
zamawiać / zamówić
VERB
to order
The imperfective is used for placing orders generally, while the perfective indicates a specific order has been completed.
zamiast
PREP
instead of
The preposition 'zamiast' is used to indicate an alternative or a replacement for something. It is followed by a noun in the Genitive case and is commonly used…
zamykać / zamknąć
VERB
to close
The imperfective form describes an ongoing or habitual action. The perfective form indicates that the action is completed.
zamówienie
NOUN
order (purchase order)
The word 'zamówienie' is a noun used to refer to an order or purchase order. It is important to use it correctly with its proper cases, particularly in busines…
zanim
CONJ
before (something happens)
Subordinating time conjunction. Introduces a clause describing what happens before the main action. 'Zanim wyjdziesz, zamknij okno' = Before you leave, close t…
zapominać / zapomnieć
VERB
to forget
The imperfective is for describing a habitual action of forgetting. The perfective indicates that the action has been completed.
zapraszać / zaprosić
VERB
to invite
Use the imperfective when talking about ongoing or repeated invitations. The perfective is used when the invitation is completed.
zarabiać / zarobić
VERB
to earn
This verb refers to the action of earning money or income. It is commonly used in various contexts related to financial transactions or work.
zarządzać / zarządzić
VERB
to manage
Use the imperfective aspect when indicating ongoing management activities. Use the perfective aspect to denote the completion of a management decision.
zarówno… jak i…
CONJ
both… and…
Correlative conjunction pair used to include two elements equally. 'Zarówno Polska, jak i Niemcy są w UE' = Both Poland and Germany are in the EU. Formal and c…
zauważać / zauważyć
VERB
to notice
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing action of noticing. Use the perfective aspect to emphasize that the action of noticing has been completed.
zawierać / zawrzeć
VERB
to include
Imperfective denotes a continuous action of including. Perfective indicates a final and completed inclusion.
zawsze
ADV
always
Adverb of frequency. Use with imperfective verbs to express permanent or habitual actions. Opposite: 'nigdy' (never). Position: usually before the verb.
zawsze
ADV
always
Zawsze is used to indicate that something happens at all times or on all occasions. It emphasizes the constancy or regularity of an action or state.
zazdrościć / zazdrościć
VERB
to envy
Both aspects describe the same verb, so use the imperfective for ongoing feelings and perfective for completed feelings or actions of envy.
zaznaczać / zaznaczyć
VERB
to mark
Use the imperfective aspect to describe an ongoing action of marking something. The perfective indicates that the marking has been completed.
zbijać / zbić
VERB
to knock down / to beat
The verb 'zbić' is commonly used in contexts where one physically knocks something down or reduces its quantity, often related to beating or hitting. It can al…
zbliżać się / zbliżyć się
VERB
to approach
Use the imperfective aspect to describe a continuous action of approaching. Use the perfective aspect to denote that the approaching action is complete.
zdaniem
NOUN
in opinion (of)
The word 'zdaniem' is typically used to express someone's opinion or viewpoint. It is often used in more formal contexts, particularly in written Polish.
zdjęcia
NOUN
photos
'Zdjęcia' refers to photographs or images commonly used in both spoken and written Polish.
ze
PREP
with / from (variant of z)
The preposition 'ze' is used to indicate companionship or association, translated as 'with' or 'from' in English. It typically requires the Instrumental case w…
zgadzać się / zgodzić się
VERB
to agree
Use the imperfective form when discussing an ongoing agreement or repeated scenarios. Use the perfective for specific agreements that have been reached.
zgubić / zgubić
VERB
to lose (something)
Both aspects can indicate losing something, but the imperfective emphasizes the ongoing state of being lost. The perfective indicates a specific instance of ha…
zgłaszać / zgłoś
VERB
report
The verb 'zgłoś' is an imperative form of the verb 'zgłaszać', used to command someone to report something. It's often used in contexts such as reporting incid…
zgłaszać / zgłoś
VERB
report
The verb 'zgłoś' is an imperative form of the verb 'zgłaszać', used to command someone to report something. It's often used in contexts such as reporting incid…
zjeżdżać / zjechać
VERB
to drive down
The verb 'zjechać' is commonly used when someone drives down from a place, typically indicating a movement from a higher location to a lower one, such as from …
zmieniać / zmienić
VERB
to change
Use the imperfective aspect for ongoing changes or repeated actions of changing. Use the perfective aspect when the change is completed or finalized.
zmywać / zmyć
VERB
to wash (dishes)
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the ongoing action of washing. Use the perfective aspect when the act of washing is completed.
zmęczeni
ADJ
tired
Used to describe the state of being tired, often for plural subjects.
znajdować / znaleźć
VERB
to find
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
znać / poznać
VERB
to know
The verb 'znać' means 'to know' in the sense of familiarity or recognition. It is commonly used to express knowledge of people or places.
zostawać / zostać
VERB
to stay
Use the imperfective for ongoing stays, and the perfective for completed stays.
zwalniać / zwolnić
VERB
to dismiss
Use the imperfective aspect (zwalniać) for ongoing or habitual dismissals. Use the perfective aspect (zwolnić) for a completed dismissal.
zwierzę
NOUN
animal
The word 'zwierzę' refers to an animal in a general sense. It can be used for both wild and domestic animals.
zwracać / zwrócić
VERB
to return (something)
Use the imperfective aspect to discuss the ongoing process of returning something. Use the perfective aspect to emphasize the completion of the return process.
Zwyczajnie
ADV
Ordinarily
The adverb 'zwyczajnie' is used to describe actions or situations that are ordinary or usual. It is placed before the verb in a sentence and does not require a…
zwykle
ADV
usually / normally
Adverb expressing a habitual or typical pattern. Similar to 'zazwyczaj'. Use with imperfective verbs. 'Zwykle wstaję o siódmej' = I usually get up at seven.
zły
ADJ
bad
The word 'zły' is used to describe something negative or undesirable. It must agree in gender and number with the noun it modifies.
Ćwiczyć / wyćwiczyć
VERB
To exercise
The verb 'ćwiczyć' is used to indicate the action of practicing or exercising. It can refer to physical exercises or practicing a skill.
ładna
ADJ
pretty/nice
The word 'ładna' describes a feminine noun that has a pleasant appearance. It is used to compliment someone or something visually appealing.
łamać / złamać
VERB
to break
Use the imperfective aspect for the ongoing process of breaking something. The perfective aspect is used for the completed action of breaking.
łapać / złapać
VERB
to catch
Use the imperfective aspect for actions in progress or repeated actions. Use the perfective aspect to indicate the completion of an action.
łatwo
ADV
easily / it is easy
Manner adverb meaning 'easily'. Also used impersonally: 'łatwo powiedzieć' = easy to say. 'To łatwo zrozumieć' = This is easy to understand. Comparative: 'łatw…
łódka
NOUN
boat
The word 'łódka' refers to a small boat, often used for recreation or fishing. It is commonly used when discussing watercraft in Polish.
ściana
NOUN
wall
The word 'ściana' is used to refer to a wall in various contexts, such as architectural structures or barriers.
ścigać / dogonić
VERB
to chase
Use the imperfective aspect refer to the act of chasing in progress or habitual chasing. Use the perfective aspect to indicate the completion of the chase.
śledzić / śledzić
VERB
to follow
Imperfective aspect is used for ongoing or repeated actions. Perfective aspect indicates a completed action.
śmiać się / roześmiać się
VERB
to laugh
Use the imperfective when describing an ongoing or repeated laughing action. The perfective is for a specific instance of laughing that is finished.
śniadanie
NOUN
breakfast
The word 'śniadanie' is used to refer to the first meal of the day, typically eaten in the morning. It is commonly used in both formal and informal contexts.
śnić / zaśnić
VERB
to dream
The verb 'śnić' is used to express the act of dreaming, commonly in the context of sleeping and having dreams at night.
śpiewaczka
NOUN
female singer (classical)
Refers to a female classical/operatic singer. Feminine counterpart of 'śpiewak'. Jestem śpiewaczką.
śpiewak
NOUN
singer (classical)
Refers to a male classical/operatic singer. More formal than 'piosenkarz'. Jestem śpiewakiem.
śpiewać / zaśpiewać
VERB
to sing
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to singing in progress or as a habit. Use the perfective aspect for a completed act of singing.
środek
NOUN
center
The word 'środek' is used to refer to the middle point of something. It can be used in both literal and figurative contexts, such as 'w środku pokoju' (in the …
świątynia
NOUN
temple
The word 'świątynia' refers to a place of worship or sacred building in various religions. It is often associated with churches, mosques, or temples.
świętować / uczcić
VERB
to celebrate
Use the imperfective aspect when referring to the act of celebrating in general or repeatedly. Use the perfective aspect to indicate a specific completed celeb…
źle
ADV
badly / poorly / wrong
Manner adverb meaning 'badly' or 'wrong'. 'Czuję się źle' = I feel bad/unwell. 'Zrobiłeś to źle' = You did it wrong. Comparative: 'gorzej' (worse). Opposite: '…
żaden
PRON
none, no
The word 'żaden' is used in Polish to indicate the absence of any person or thing in a negative context. It is commonly used in negations and expressions that …
żartować / zażartować
VERB
to joke
Use the imperfective when talking about ongoing or repeated joking. The perfective refers to an act of joking that has been completed.
żałować / żałować
VERB
to regret
Both aspects are the same due to being biaspectual. Use it for expressing regret or sorrow.
że
CONJ
that
Subordinating conjunction introducing a reported thought, feeling, or fact. Follows verbs like myślę, wiem, mówię, widzę, słyszę. The verb after 'że' is conjug…
żeby
CONJ
in order to / so that
Zaimki "żeby" używamy, aby wyrazić cel lub intencję. Stosujemy go w zdaniach podrzędnych, a przed nim często występuje czasownik w formie podstawowej. Pamiętaj…
żyć / żyć
VERB
to live
Both aspects can be used interchangeably when talking about living, but the imperfective emphasizes the ongoing nature of life. The perfective emphasizes a spe…
żłoto
NOUN
gold
The word 'żłoto' is a neuter noun used to refer to the metal gold. It can be used in various contexts, such as describing jewelry, currency, or the color assoc…